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Manmohan Singh
Manmohan Singh ( born 26 September 1932) is an Indian
economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister
since Jawaharlal
Nehru to be
re-elected after completing a full five-year term. Born in Gah (now in Punjab, Pakistan), Singh's family
migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in
economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–69. He
subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry. Over the
70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts in the Government of India, such as Chief Economic Advisor (1972–76), Reserve Bank governor (1982–85) and Planning Commission head (1985–87).
Childhood
& Early Life
· Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh
and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikhfamily. He lost his mother
when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother, to whom he
was very close.
· After the Partition of India, his family migrated to Amritsar, India, where he studied at Hindu College. He
attended Panjab University, then in Hoshiarpur, Punjab, studying Economics and got his
bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first
throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St John's College in 1957.
· In 1960, he went to the University of Oxford for the D.Phil, where he was
a member of Nuffield College. His 1962 doctoral thesis under
supervision of I.M.D. Little was titled "India's
export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications",
and was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects
for Self-Sustained Growth".
· After completing his D.Phil, Singh
returned to India until 1966 when he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from
1966–1969. Later, he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of
Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, in recognition of Singh's talent
as an economist.
· In 1972, Singh was Chief Economic
Adviser in the Ministry of Finance and in 1976 he was Secretary in the Finance
Ministry. In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission, and in 1982, he
was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then Finance Minister
Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985. He went on to become the
deputy chairman of the Planning Commission (India) from 1985 to 1987.
Career
·
In 1991, as India faced a severe economic crisis, newly elected Prime
Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the
apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister. Over the next few years, despite
strong opposition, he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural
reforms that liberalised
India's economy.
·
Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis,
and enhanced Singh's reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist,
the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election. Subsequently, Singh served
as Leader
of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.
·
In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power, its
chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to
Manmohan Singh. Singh's first ministry executed several key
legislations and projects, including the Rural Health Mission, Unique
Identification Authority, Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act.
·
In 2008, opposition to a historic civil
nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singh's
government to fall after Left Frontparties withdrew their support.
Although India's economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened
by several terrorist incidents (including the 2008 Mumbai attacks) and the continuing Maoist insurgency.
·
The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an
increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. Over the
next few years, Singh's second ministry government faced a number of
corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the 2G-spectrum allocation and the allocation of coal blocks.
·
After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race to
the office of the Prime Minister of India during 2014 Indian general
election. Singh was never a member
of the Lok Sabha but continues to serve as a member of the Parliament of India, representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for the fifth consecutive term since 1991.
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Major
Work
·
In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of
the gross domestic product, the balance of paymentsdeficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of
India's GDP. India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion,
enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports, in comGrand Eston to
US$283 billion today.
·
Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament,
the Rajya Sabha, in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam, and was re-elected in
1995, 2001, 2007 and 2013. From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, Singh was the
Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he contested for
the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat.
·
After the 2004 general elections, the Indian National Congress
ended the incumbent National Democratic
Alliance (NDA) tenure by becoming the political party with the single
largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. It formed United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with allies and staked
claim to form government. In a surprise move, Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat, as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership.
Awards
and Achievements
·
In March 1983, Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr.
Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department. In 1997, the University of Alberta awarded him an Honorary
Doctor of Law degree. The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July
2005, and in October 2006, the University of Cambridge followed with the
same honour.
·
St. John's College further honoured him by
naming a PhD Scholarship after him, the Dr. Manmohan Singh
Scholarship. In 2008, he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was
awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras. In 2010, he was awarded
honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013, he was awarded
honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
and the Right to
Information Act were passed by the Parliament in
2005 during his tenure. While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful
at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in
India's fight against corruption. New cash benefits were also
introduced for widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.
·
In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a
position at Panjab University as
the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair. Singh will not be conducting research but instead
interacting with students and departments to inspire them.
·
The Independent described
Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of
uncommon decency and grace," noting that he drives a Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the
Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded
Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher
than Jawaharlal Nehru.
·
Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They have three
daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit
Singh. Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Delhi University. She
has written six books, including Ancient Delhi (1999)
and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008).
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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