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Rajendra Prasad
Rajendra Prasad (3 December 1884 –
28 February 1963) was the first President of India, in office from 1950 to 1962. An Indian
political leader, and lawyer by training, Prasad joined the Indian
National Congress during
the Indian
independence movement and
became a major leader from the region of Bihar. A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 and the Quit
India movement of
1942. Prasad served one term as President of the Indian National Congress from 1934 to 1935. After the 1946
elections, Prasad served as Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central
government. Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of
the Constituent
Assembly of India, which
prepared the Constitution
of India and
served as its provisional parliament. When India became a Republic in 1950,
Prasad was elected its first President by the Constituent Assembly. Following
the general
election of 1951, he was
elected President by the electoral college of the first Parliament
of India and
its state legislatures.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
When Prasad was
five years old, his parents placed him under the tutelage of a Moulavi, an accomplished Muslim scholar, to learn the Persian language, Hindi and arithmetic. After
the completion of traditional elementary education, he was sent to the Chapra
District School.
·
Meanwhile, in June 1896, at
an early age of 12, he was married to Rajavanshi Devi. He, along with his elder
brother Mahendra Prasad, then went to study at T.K. Ghosh's Academy in Patna for a period of two years. He secured first in the entrance
examination to the University of Calcutta and was awarded Rs. 30 per month as a scholarship.
·
Prasad joined the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1902, initially as a science student. He passed Intermediate
level classes then called as F. A. under the University of Calcutta in March 1904 and further graduated with First Division from there
itself in March 1905.
·
Later he decided to focus
on the study of arts and did his M.A. in Economics with first division from the
University of Calcutta in December 1907. There he lived with his brother in
the Eden Hindu Hostel. A
devoted student as well as a public activist, he was an active member of The Dawn
Society.
·
It was due to his
sense of duty towards his family and education that he refused to join Servants of India Society. Prasad was instrumental in the formation of the Bihari Students
Conference in 1906 in the hall of the Patna College. It was the first
organization of its kind in India and produced important leaders from Bihar like Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Krishna Singh, who played a prominent role in the Champaran Movement and
Non-cooperation Movement.
Career
·
Rajendra Prasad served in
various educational institutions as a teacher. After completing his M.A in
economics, he became a professor of English at the Langat Singh College of Muzaffarpur in
(Bihar) and went on to become the principal. However, later on he left the
college for his legal studies and entered into the Ripon College, Calcutta (Presently Surendranath Law College).
·
In 1909, while pursuing his
law studies in Kolkata he also worked as Professor of Economics at Calcutta City College. In 1915, Prasad appeared in the examination of Masters in Law, passed
the examination and won a gold medal. He completed his Doctorate in Law from Allahabad University in 1937.
·
In the year 1916, he joined
the High Court of Bihar and Odisha. Later in the year 1917, he was appointed as one of the first members
of the Senate and Syndicate of the Patna University. He also used to practice
law at Bhagalpur, the
famous silk-town of Bihar.
·
Dr.Rajendra Prasad's first
association with Indian National Congress was during 1906 annual session organised in Calcutta, where he
participated as a volunteer, while studying in Calcutta. Formally, he joined
the Indian National Congress in the year 1911, when the annual session was again held in
Calcutta.
·
During the course of the
independent movement, he interacted with Rahul Sankrityayan, a writer, and polymath. Rahul Sankrityayan was greatly influenced by
Prasad's intellectual prowess, finding him to be a guide and guru. In many of
his articles he mentioned about his meeting with Sankrityayan and narrated
about their meetings. He wrote articles for the revolutionary
publications Searchlight and the Desh and collected funds
for these papers. He toured widely, explaining, lecturing, and exhorting the
principles of the independence movement.
Major
Work
·
He was elected as the
President of the Indian National Congress during the Bombay session in October 1934. He again became the
president when Netaji Subhash Chandra Boseresigned in 1939. On 8 August 1942, Congress passed the Quit India
Resolution in Bombay which led to the arrest of many Indian leaders. He was
arrested from Sadaqat Ashram, Patna
and sent to Bankipur Central Jail. After remaining incarcerated for nearly three years, he was released
on 15 June 1945.
·
After the formation
of Interim Government of 12 nominated ministers under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on
2 September 1946, he got the Food and Agriculture department. Later, he was
elected the President of Constituent Assembly on 11 December 1946. Again on 17 November 1947 he became
Congress President for a third time after J. B. Kripalanisubmitted
resignation. Two and a half years after independence, on 26 January 1950, the
Constitution of independent India was ratified and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was
elected the nation's first President.
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Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Prasad acted independently
of politics, following the expected role of the president as per the
constitution. Following the tussle over the enactment of the Hindu Code Bill, he
took a more active role in state affairs. In 1962, after serving twelve years
as the president, he announced his decision to retire.
·
In 1962, after serving
twelve years as the president, he announced his decision to retire. After
relinquishing the office of the President of Indiaon May 1962, he returned to Patna on 14 May 1962 and preferred to stay in the campus of Bihar
Vidyapeeth.
·
President of Constituent Assembly
·
Satyagraha at Champaran
(1922)
·
Division of India (1946,
online)
·
Atmakatha (1946), his
autobiography written during his 3-year prison term in Bankipur Jail
·
Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar,
Some Reminiscences" (1949)
·
Bapu Ke Kadmon Mein (1954)
·
Since Independence
(published in 1960)
·
Bharatiya Shiksha
·
At the feet of Mahatma
Gandhi
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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