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Jagadish Chandra Bose
Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, (November 1858 – 23 November 1937), also
spelled Jagdish and Jagadis, was Bengali polymath, physicist, biologist, biophysicist, botanist and archaeologist, and an early writer of science
fiction. Living
in British India, he pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science
in the Indian subcontinent. IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science. Bose is considered the
father of Bengali science fiction, and also invented the crescograph, a device for measuring the growth of
plants. A crater on
the moon has
been named in his honour. Born in Munshiganj, Bengal
Presidency during
the British Raj(present-day Bangladesh), Bose graduated from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta. He went to the University of London to study medicine, but could not pursue
studies in medicine because of health problems. Instead, he conducted his
research with the Nobel Laureate Lord Rayleigh at Cambridge and returned to India.
Childhood
& Early Life
· Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was born
in Munshiganj, Bengal Presidency, (present-day Bangladesh) on 30 November 1858. His father, Bhagawan Chandra
Bose, was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a deputy magistrate and assistant
commissioner in Faridpur, Bardhaman and other places.
· Bose's education started in
a vernacular school, because his father believed that one must
know one's own mother tongue before beginning English, and that one should know
also one's own people.
· Bose joined the Hare School in 1869 and then St. Xavier's School at Kolkata. In 1875, he
passed the Entrance Examination (equivalent to school graduation) of the University of Calcutta and was admitted to St. Xavier's College,
Calcutta. At St. Xavier's, Bose came in contact with Jesuit Father Eugene Lafont, who played a significant role in developing his
interest in natural sciences. He received a BA from the University of
Calcutta in 1879.
· Bose wanted to go to England to
compete for the Indian Civil Service. However, his father, a civil
servant himself, cancelled the plan. He wished his son to be a scholar, who
would “rule nobody but himself.” Bose went to England to study Medicine at
the University of London.
· Through the recommendation
of Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law (sister's
husband) and the first Indian wrangler, he secured admission in Christ's College, Cambridge to study natural
sciences. He received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from the University of Cambridge.
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Career
·
At the time when Bose was a student at Cambridge, Prafulla Chandra Roy was a student at Edinburgh.
They met in London and became intimate friends. Later he was married
to Abala Bose, the renowned feminist and social worker.
·
The Scottish theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell mathematically predicted the
existence of electromagnetic radiation of diverse wavelengths, but
he died in 1879 before his prediction was experimentally verified. Between 1886
and 1888, German physicist Heinrich Hertzpublished the results of his
experiments on electromagnetism, which showed the existence of electromagnetic
waves in free space.
·
The first remarkable aspect of Bose's follow-up microwave
research was that he reduced the waves to the millimetre level (about 5 mm
wavelength). He realised the disadvantages of long waves for studying their light-like
properties.
·
Bose' work in radio microwave optics was specifically
directed towards studying the nature of the phenomenon and was not an attempt
to develop radio into a communication medium.
·
His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the
demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli
(e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of
a chemical nature. These claims were later proven experimentally.
·
Bose performed a comparative study of the fatigue response of
various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a
combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli and noted
the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical
fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a distinctive
cyclical fatigue and recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both
living cells and metals.
Major
Work
·
Bose documented a
characteristic electrical response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus,
as well as the decrease and eventual absence of this response in plants treated
with anaesthetics or poison. The response was also absent in zinc treated
with oxalic acid. He
noted a similarity in reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and
organic cells, as well as an impact on the recovery cycle period of the metal.
·
In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher
Kahini (The Story of the
Missing One), a short story that was later expanded and added to Abyakta collection in 1921 with the new title Palatak
Tuphan (Runaway Cyclone). It
was one of the first works of Bengali science fiction.It has been translated into English by Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay.
Awards
and Achievements
·
Companion of the
Order of the Indian Empire (CIE, 1903)
·
Companion of the
Order of the Star of India (CSI, 1912)
·
Knight
Bachelor (1917)
·
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS, 1920)
·
Member
of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, 1928
·
President
of the 14th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1927.
·
Member
of Finnish Society of
Sciences and Letters in
1929.
·
Member
of the League of Nations' Committee for Intellectual Cooperation
·
Founding
fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (now the Indian National
Science Academy)
·
The Indian
Botanic Garden was renamed in his honour as the Acharya
Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden on 25 June 2009.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Bose's place in history has now been re-evaluated. His work
may have contributed to the development of radio communication. He is also
credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a
pioneer in the field of biophysics.
·
To commemorate his birth centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship
programme was started in West Bengal. In the same year, India issued a
postage stamp bearing his portrait.
·
On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in
millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and
Computer Engineering, the first such recognition of a discovery in India.
On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle on the 158th
anniversary of his birth.
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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