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Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30
June 1917), known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian
political and social leader. He was a Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP)
in the United Kingdom House of Commonsbetween 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to
be a British
MP,[1] notwithstanding the Anglo-IndianMP David
Ochterlony Dyce Sombre, who was
disfranchised for corruption. Naoroji is also credited with the founding of
the Indian
National Congress, along
with A.O. Humeand Dinshaw
Edulji Wacha. His
book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the
draining of India's wealth into Britain. He was also a member of the Second
International along
with Kautsky and Plekhanov.
Childhood & Early Life
·
Naoroji was born in Mumbai in a Gujarati-speaking Parsi family, and educated at the Elphinstone Institute School. He
was patronised by the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, and started his public life as the Dewan (Minister) to the Maharaja in
1874.
·
Being
an Athornan (ordained priest), Naoroji founded the Rahnumae
Mazdayasne Sabha (Guides on the Mazdayasne Path) on 1 August 1851 to restore
the Zoroastrian religion
to its original purity and simplicity. In 1854, he also founded a Gujarati fortnightly
publication, the Rast Goftar (or
The Truth Teller), to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote Parsi social
reforms.
·
In 1855, he was appointed
Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at the Elphinstone College in Bombay, becoming the first Indian to hold such an academic
position. He travelled to London in 1855 to become a partner in Cama & Co,
opening a Liverpool location
for the first Indian company to be established in Britain.
·
Within three years, he had
resigned on ethical grounds. In 1859, he established his own cotton trading
company, Dadabhai Naoroji &
Co. Later, he became professor of Gujarati at University College London.
·
In 1865, Dadabhai Naoroji
directed the launch the London Indian Society, the purpose of which was to
discuss Indian political, social and literary subjects. In 1861 Naoroji
founded The
Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe alongside
Muncherjee Hormusji Cama.
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Career
·
In 1867 Naoroji also helped
to establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor organisations
of the Indian National Congress with the aim of putting across the Indian point of view before the
British public. The Association was instrumental in counter-acting the propaganda by
the Ethnological Society of London which, in its session in 1866, had tried to prove the inferiority
of the Asians to the Europeans.
·
This Association soon won
the support of eminent Englishmen and was able to exercise considerable
influence in the British Parliament. In 1874, he became Prime Minister of Baroda and was a member of the Legislative Council of Mumbai (1885–88). He was also a member of the Indian National Association founded by Sir Surendranath Banerjee from Calcutta a few years before the founding of the Indian National Congress in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices.
·
He was a member of
the British
House of Commons from 1892-1895.
During his time he put his efforts towards improving the situation in India. He
had a very clear vision and was an effective communicator. He set forth his views
about the situation in India over the course of history of the governance of
the country and the way in which the colonial rulers rules.
Major
Work
·
Dadabhai Naoroji's work
focused on the drain of wealth from India into England during colonial rule of
British in India.[10] One of
the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to
estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that
colonisation has on the country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji
sought to prove that Britannia was draining money out of India.
·
Naoroji described 6 factors
which resulted in the external drain. Firstly, India is governed by a foreign government. Secondly, India does not attract immigrants which
bring labour and capital for economic growth. Thirdly, India pays for Britain's
civil administrations and occupational army. Fourthly, India bears the burden
of empire building in
and out of its borders.
·
In Naoroji's book 'Poverty'
he estimated a 200–300 million pounds loss of India's revenue to Britain that
is not returned. Naoroji described this as vampirism, with money being a
metaphor for blood, which humanised India and attempted to show Britain's
actions as monstrous in an attempt to garner sympathy for the nationalist
movement.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Dadabhai Naoroji is
regarded as one of the most important Indians during the independence movement.
In his writings, he considered that the foreign intervention into India was
clearly not favourable for the country.
·
Naoroji is remembered as
the "Grand Old Man of Indian Nationalism".Mahatma Gandhi wrote
to Naoroji in a letter of 1894 that "The Indians look up to you as
children to the father. Such is really the feeling here."
His Works:
·
The manners and customs of
the Parsees (Bombay, 1864)
·
The European and Asiatic
races (London, 1866)
·
Admission of educated
natives into the Indian Civil Service (London, 1868)
·
The wants and means of
India (London, 1876)
·
Condition of
India (Madras, 1882)
·
Poverty of India
·
A Paper Read Before the
Bombay Branch of the East India Association, Bombay, Ranima Union Press,
(1876)
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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