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Jayaprakash Narayan
Jayaprakash Narayan (11 October
1902 – 8 October 1979), popularly referred to as JP or Lok
Nayak (Hindi for The Folk Hero), was an Indian independence activist, theorist and political leader,
remembered especially for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime
Minister Indira
Gandhi, for whose overthrow he called a "total
revolution". His
biography, Jayaprakash, was written by his nationalist friend and an
eminent writer of Hindi
literature, Ramavriksha Benipuri. In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat
Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in
recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay
award for Public Service in 1965. The Patna
airport is also named after him. The largest
hospital run by the Delhi government and the teaching hospital of the famous
Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Hospital, is also named
after him. It was formerly called Irwin hospital. There is also a park in his
name, situated on Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, in New Delhi, just opposite to
Maulana Azad Medical College. On August 1, 2015, the Chhapra-Delhi-Chhapra
Weekly Express was renamed as "Loknayak Express" in his honour.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Jayprakash Narayan was born
on 11 October 1902 in the village of Sitabdiara (now in Saran district of Bihar and Ballia, Uttar Pradesh,
India). Sitabdiara is a large village, straddling two states and three
districts—Chhapra and Arrah in Bihar and Ballia in Uttar Pradesh.
·
He was the fourth child of
Harsu Dayal and Phul Rani Devi. His father Harsu Dayal was a junior official in
the Canal Department of the State government and was often touring the region.
When Narayan was 9 years old, he left his village to enroll in 7th class of the
collegiate school at Patna. While in school, Jayaprakash read magazines
like Saraswati, Prabha and Pratap, books like Bharat-Bharati, and poems by
Maithilsharan Gupta and Bharatendu Harishchandra which described the courage
and valour of the Rajput kings.
·
He excelled in school
and by 1918 completed school and undertook the 'State Public Matriculation
Examination' and won a District merit scholarship to Patna college.
·
Jayaprakash, along with
some friends, went to listen to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad speak about the
Non-co-operation movement launched by Gandhi against the passing of the Rowlatt Act of
1919. The Maulana was a brilliant orator and his call to give up English
education was "like leaves before a storm: Jayaprakash was swept away and
momentarily lifted up to the skies.
·
That brief experience of soaring up with the
winds of a great idea left imprints on his inner being”. Jayaprakash took the
Maulana’s words to heart and left Patna College with just 20 days remaining for
his examinations. Jayaprakash joined the Bihar Vidyapeeth, a college founded by
Dr. Rajendra Prasad and
became among the first students of Gandhian Dr. Anugraha Narayan Sinha.
·
After exhausting the
courses at the Vidyapeeth, Jayaprakash decided to continue studies in the
United States. At age 20, Jayaprakash sailed aboard the cargo ship Janus while
Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. Jayaprakash reached California on 8 October
1922 and was admitted to Berkeley in January 1923.
Career
·
Narayan returned from the
US to India in late 1929 as a Marxist. He joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in
1929; Mahatma Gandhi became
his mentor in the Congress. He shared a house at Kadam Kuan in Patna with his close friend and nationalist Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha). with whom he shared the most cordial and lasting friendship.
·
During the Indian independence movement he was arrested, jailed, and tortured several times by the
British. He won particular fame during the Quit India movement.
·
After being jailed in 1932
for civil disobedience against British rule, Narayan was imprisoned in Nasik Jail, where he met Ram Manohar Lohia, Minoo Masani, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashok Mehta, Basawon Singh (Sinha), Yusuf
Desai, C K
Narayanaswami and other national
leaders. After his release, the Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as
President and Narayan as General secretary.
·
Narayan returned to
prominence in State politics in the late 1960s. 1974 ushered in a year of high
inflation, unemployment and lack of supplies and essential commodities. Nav NirmanAndolan
movement of Gujarat asked Jayaprakash to lead a peaceful agitation. On 8 April
1974, aged 72, he led a silent procession at Patna. The procession was lathi
charged. On 5 June 1974, Jayaprakash addressed a large crowd at Gandhi Maidan
in Patna.
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Major
Works
·
Indira Gandhi was
found guilty of violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High Court. Narayan called for Indira and the CMs to resign and the military and
police to disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders. He advocated a program
of social transformation which he termed Sampoorna kraanti, "total
revolution". Immediately afterwords, Gandhi proclaimed a national Emergency on
the midnight of 25 June 1975. Narayan, opposition leaders, and dissenting
members of her own party were arrested that day.
·
Jayaprakash Narayan
attracted a gathering of 100,000 people at the Ramlila grounds and
thunderously recited Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar''s wonderfully evocative poetry: Singhasan Khaali Karo Ke Janata
Aaati Hai.
·
Narayan was kept
as detenu at Chandigarh even
after he asked for one month parole to mobilise relief in flooded parts of
Bihar. His health suddenly deteriorated on 24 October, and he was released on
12 November; diagnosis at Jaslok Hospital, Bombay, revealed kidney failure; he
would be on dialysis for the rest of his life.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
In October 1920, Narayan
was married to Braj Kishore Prasad's daughter Prabhavati Devi, a
freedom fighter in her own right. At the time of marriage, Jayaprakash was
18 years and Prabhavati was 14 years of age, which was a normal age for
marriage in that period. After their wedding, since Narayan was working in
Patna and it was difficult for his wife to stay with him, on the invitation
of Gandhi, Prabhavati became an inmate at the Ashram of Gandhi.
·
Narayan died in Patna, Bihar, on 8 October 1979, three days before his 77th birthday,
due to effects of diabetes and heart ailments. In March 1979, while he was in
hospital, his death had been erroneously announced by the Indian prime minister, Morarji Desai,
causing a brief wave of national mourning, including the suspension of
parliament and regular radio broadcasting, and the closure of schools and
shops.
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