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Birbal Sahni
Birbal Sahni (14 November 1891 – 10 April
1949) was an Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. He also took an
interest in geology and archaeology. He founded the Birbal
Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow. His major contributions were in the study of the
fossil plants of India and in plant evolution. He was also involved in the
establishment of Indian science education and served as the President of
the National
Academy of Sciences, India and as an Honorary President
of the International
Botanical Congress, Stockholm.
Childhood
& Early Life
· Birbal Sahni was born in Bhera, Shahpur
District, West Punjab, on 14 November 1891. He was the third son of Ishwar Devi
and Lala Ruchi
Ram Sahni who lived in Lahore. The family came from Dera Ismail
Khan and they frequently made visits to Bhera which was close to the Salt Range
and Khewra's geology may have interested Birbal at a young age.
· Birbal was also influenced into science by his
grandfather who owned a banking business at Dera
Ismail Khan and conducted amateur research in chemistry. Ruchi
Ram was a professor of chemistry at Lahore and was also a social activist with
an interest in the emancipation of women. Ruchi Ram had studied at Manchester
and worked with Ernest
Rutherford and Niels
Bohr.
· He sent all his five sons to study
in England. Ruchi Ram was involved in the non-co-operation movement since
the Jallianwala Bagh massacre as well as the Brahmo
Samaj movement. The proximity of their house to Bradlaugh Hall made
their home a centre of political activity and house guests included Motilal
Nehru, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Sarojini
Naidu, and Madan Mohan Malaviya.
· Birbal Sahni received his early
education in India at Government College
University, Lahore (where his father worked) and Punjab University (1911). He learnt botany
under Shiv Ram Kashyap (1882-1934), the
"father of Indian bryology". He graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1914. He later studied
under Albert Charles Seward, and was awarded the D.Sc. degree
of the University of London in 1919.
Career
·
During his stint in England Sahni joined Professor Seward to
work on a Revision of Indian Gondwana plants (1920,
Palaeontologica Indica). In 1919 he briefly worked in Munich with the German
plant morphologist Karl Ritter von Goebel. In 1920 he married Savitri Suri,
daughter of Sunder Das Suri an Inspector of Schools in Punjab. Savitri took an
interest in his work and was a constant companion.
·
Sahni returned to
India and served as Professor of Botanyat Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi and Punjab University for about a year. He was
appointed the first Professor and Head of the Botany Department of the Lucknow University in 1921, a position he
retained until his death. The University of Cambridge recognised his researches by
the award of the degree of Sc. D. in 1929.
·
In 1932 Palaeontologica Indica included his
account of the Bennettitalean plant that he named Williamsonia sewardi,
and another description of a new type of petrified
wood, Homoxylon, bearing resemblance to the wood of a living
homoxylous angiosperm, but from the Jurassic age.
·
During the following
years he not only continued his investigations but collected around him a group
of devoted students from all parts of the country and built up a reputation for
the University which soon became the first Center for botanical and
palaeobotanical investigations in India. Sahni maintained close relations with
researchers around the globe, being a friend of Chester
A. Arnold, noted American paleobotanist who later served his year in
residence from 1958–1959 at the institute.
·
He was a founder of The Paleobotanical Society which
established the Institute of Palaeobotany on 10 September 1946 which initially
functioned in the Botany Department of Lucknow University but later moved to
its present premises at 53 University Road, Lucknow in 1949. On 3 April 1949
the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal
Nehru laid the foundation stone of the new building of the Institute. A
week later, on 10 April 1949, Sahni succumbed to a heart attack.
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Major
Works
·
Sahni worked on living plants species including Nephrotepsis, Niphobolus, Taxus, Psilotum, Tmesipteris and Acmopyle examining
evolutionary trends and geographical distributions. His ability to apply theory
to observations and make hypotheses based on observations were especially
influential on his students. When examining wood remains from Harappa, he noted
that they were of conifers and inferred that the people there must have had
trade links with people in mountains where conifers could grow.
·
He recorded foreign pollen in the ovules of living Gingko
biloba and noted in the New Phytologist (1915), the
problem with assuming that fossil pollen in ovules belonged to a single
species. Sahni was among the first to suggest a separate order, the Taxales,
within the conifers to contain the genera Taxus, Torreya and Cephalotaxus. Another
major contribution was in the studies on the morphology of the Zygopteridaceae.
·
Sahni identified Torreyites,
a close relative of Torreya, which extended the range of the
Taxales into Gondwanaland. He also described Glossopteris in detail and
identified differences between the flora of India and Australia with that of
China and Sumatra. He also studied the fossil plants of the Deccan Intertrappean
beds. He suggested that the lower Narmada area around Nagpur and Chhindwara was
coastal on the basis of fossils that showed a similarity to estuarine palms of
the genus Nipa.
Personal
Life & Legacy
· Sahni was interested in music and
could play the sitar and the violin. He was also interested in clay-modelling
and in playing chess and tennis. At Oxford he used to play tennis for the Indian majlis. Other interests included
geology, archaeology and numismatics. In 1936 he examined some coins and moulds
from a dig in Khokra Kot and wrote on the possible methods involved in the
casting of the coins. The collection is now at the National Museum at New
Delhi. He was much liked by his nieces and nephews who called him tamashewala
uncle for entertaining them with a monkey-hand-puppet named Gippy.
· Sahni was recognised by several
academies and institutions in India and abroad for his research. He was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS) in 1936, the
highest British scientific honour, awarded for the first time to an Indian
botanist.
· He was elected Vice-President,
Palaeobotany section, of the 5th and 6th International Botanical Congresses of 1930 and 1935,
respectively; General President of the Indian Science Congress for 1940; President, National Academy of Sciences, India, 1937–1939 and 1943–1944. In 1948
he was elected an Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Another high honour which came
to him was his election as an Honorary President of the International Botanical Congress, Stockholm in 1950. For his work
in numismatics he received the Nelson Wright Medal in 1945.
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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