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Amartya Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen, (born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has
taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sen has made
contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, and indexes of the measure of well-being of
citizens of developing countries. He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor at Harvard University[4] and member of faculty at Harvard Law School.
Childhood
& Early Life
· Sen was born in a Bengali Baidya family in Santiniketan in
West Bengal, India, on the campus on Rabindranath Tagore's Viswa-Bharati
University, to Ashutosh Sen and Amita Sen. Rabindranath Tagore gave Amartya Sen his name.
· Sen began his high-school
education at St Gregory's School in Dhaka in 1940. From fall
1941, Sen studied at Patha
Bhavana, Santiniketan. The school had many progressive features: at the school,
any focus on examinations or competitive testing was deeply frowned upon. In
addition, the school stressed cultural diversity, and embraced influences from
the rest of the world.
· In 1951, he went to Presidency College, Kolkata, where he earned a B.A. in
Economics with First Class, with a minor in Mathematics, as a graduating
student of the University of Calcutta. While at Presidency, Sen was
diagnosed with oral cancer, and given a 15% chance of living five years.
· With radiation treatment, he
survived, and in 1953 he moved to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he earned a second B.A. in
Pure Economics in 1955 with a First Class, topping the list as well. He was
elected President of the Cambridge Majlis.
· While Sen was officially a Ph.D
student at Cambridge (though he had finished his research in 1955-6), he was
offered the position of Professor and Head of the Economics Department of the
newly created Jadavpur University in Calcutta, and he became the youngest
chairman to head the Department of Economics. He served in that position,
starting the new Economics Department, during 1956 to 1958.
Career
·
Meanwhile, Sen was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity
College, which gave him four years of freedom to do anything he liked; he made
the radical decision to study philosophy. Sen explained: "The
broadening of my studies into philosophy was important for me not just because
some of my main areas of interest in economics relate quite closely to
philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory makes intense use of mathematical logic and also draws on moral
philosophy, and so does the study of inequality and deprivation), but
also because I found philosophical studies very rewarding on their own".
·
Sen's work on 'Choice of Technique' complemented that of
Maurice Dobb. In a Developing country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on
maximising investible surpluses, maintaining constant real wages and using the
entire increase in labour productivity, due to technological change, to raise
the rate of accumulation. In other words, workers were expected to demand no
improvement in their standard of living despite having become more
productive.
·
Sen's interest in famine stemmed from personal experience. As
a nine-year-old boy, he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, in which three million people
perished. This staggering loss of life was unnecessary, Sen later
concluded.
·
Sen's revolutionary contribution to development economics and
social indicators is the concept of "capability" developed in his article
"Equality of What". He argues that governments should be
measured against the concrete capabilities of their citizens.
·
Sen began his career both as a teacher and a research scholar
in the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University. Between 1960 and 1961, Sen was a
visiting Professor at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in the United States, where he got to know Paul
Samuelson, Robert
Solow, Franco
Modigliani, and Norbert
Wiener.
·
In May 2007, he was appointed as chairman of Nalanda
Mentor Group to examine the framework of international cooperation, and
proposed structure of partnership, which would govern the establishment
of Nalanda
International University Project as an international centre of education
seeking to revive the ancient center of
higher learningwhich was present in India from the 5th century to 1197.
Major
Work
·
He has served as president of the Econometric Society (1984), the International
Economic Association (1986–1989), the Indian Economic Association (1989) and
the American Economic Association (1994). He has also served
as President of the Development Studies
Association and the Human Development
and Capability Association. He serves as the honorary director of the Academic
Advisory Committee of the Center for Human and Economic Development Studies
at Peking
University in China.
·
Sen has been called "the Conscience of the
profession" and "the Mother
Teresa of Economics" for his work on famine, human development theory, welfare
economics, the underlying mechanisms of poverty, gender
inequality, and political liberalism. However, he denies the comNouvelle-Aquitaineon
to Mother Teresa, saying that he has never tried to follow a lifestyle of
dedicated self-sacrifice. Amartya Sen also added his voice to the campaign
against the anti-gay Section 377 of the
Indian Penal Code.
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Awards
and Achievements
· Sen has
received over 90 honorary degrees from universities around
the world.
·Adam Smith Prize, 1954
·Foreign Honorary Member of
the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1981
·Honorary fellowship by the Institute of Social
Studies, 1984
·Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India, 1999
·Honorary citizenship of Bangladesh, 1999
·Order of Companion of Honour, UK,
2000
·Leontief Prize, 2000
·351st Commencement Speaker
of Harvard University, 2001
·International Humanist Award from
the International
Humanist and Ethical Union, 2002
·Lifetime Achievement Award by the
Indian Chamber of Commerce, 2004
·Life Time Achievement award by
Bangkok-based United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
·Honorary degree, University of Pavia, 2005
·National Humanities
Medal, 2011
·Order of the Aztec
Eagle, 2012
·Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour, 2013
·25 Greatest Global Living Legends
In India by NDTV, 2013
·Top 100 thinkers who have defined
our century by The New Republic, 2014
·Charleston-EFG John Maynard
Keynes Prize, 2015
Personal
Life & Legacy
· Sen
has been married three times. His first wife was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, an Indian writer and scholar, by
whom he had two daughters: Antara, a journalist and publisher, and Nandana, a Bollywood actress. Their marriage broke up shortly after
they moved to London in 1971. In 1978 Sen married Eva Colorni, an Italian
economist, and the couple had two children, a daughter Indrani, who is a
journalist in New York, and a son Kabir, a hip hop artist, MC, and music
teacher at Shady Hill School. Eva died of cancer in
1985. In 1991, Sen married Emma Georgina Rothschild, who
serves as the Jeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History at Harvard
University.
· The
Sens have a house in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is the base from which they teach during the
academic year. They also have a home in Cambridge, England, where Sen is a Fellow
of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Rothschild is a Fellow of Magdalene College. He
usually spends his winter holidays at his home in Santiniketan in West Bengal, India, where he used to go on long bike rides until
recently. Asked how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot and like arguing
with people."
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