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Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 1887 – 26
April 1920) was an Indian mathematician who lived during the British Rule in
India.Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial
contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to
mathematical problems considered to be unsolvable. Ramanujan initially
developed his own mathematical research in isolation; it was quickly recognized
by Indian mathematicians. Seeking mathematicians who could better understand
his work, in 1913 he began a postal partnership with the English
mathematician G. H. Hardy at the University of Cambridge, England. Recognizing the extraordinary
work sent to him as samples, Hardy arranged travel for Ramanujan to Cambridge.
In his notes, Ramanujan had produced new ground breaking theorems, including some that Hardy stated
had 'defeated [him and his colleagues] completely', in addition to
rediscovering recently proven but highly advanced results.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Ramanujan (literally, "younger brother of Rama", a
Hindu deity) was born on 22 December 1887 into a Tamil Brahmin Iyengar family in Erode, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu), at the residence of his
maternal grandparents.
·
On 1 October 1892, Ramanujan was enrolled at the local
school. After his maternal grandfather lost his job as a court official in
Kanchipuram, Ramanujan and his mother moved back to Kumbakonam and he was
enrolled in the Kangayan Primary School.
·
When his paternal
grandfather died, he was sent back to his maternal grandparents, then living in
Madras. He did not like school in Madras, and tried to avoid attending. His
family enlisted a local constable to make sure the boy attended school. Within
six months, Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam.
·
He completed mathematical exams in half the allotted
time, and showed a familiarity with geometry and infinite series. Ramanujan was shown how to solve
cubic equations in 1902; he developed his own method to solve the quartic. The following year, Ramanujan
tried to solve the quintic, not knowing that it could not be solved by radicals.
·
When he graduated from Town Higher Secondary School in 1904,
Ramanujan was awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize for mathematics by the
school's headmaster, Krishnaswami Iyer. Iyer introduced Ramanujan as an
outstanding student who deserved scores higher than the maximum.
·
He received a scholarship to study at Government Arts College, Kumbakonam, but was so intent on
mathematics that he could not focus on any other subjects and failed most of
them, losing his scholarship in the process. In August 1905, Ramanujan ran
away from home, heading towards Visakhapatnam, and stayed in Rajahmundry for about a month.
Career
·
On 14 July 1909, Ramanujan married Janaki (Janakiammal) (21
March 1899 – 13 April 1994), a girl whom his mother had selected for him a year
earlier. It was not unusual for marriages to be arranged with young girls.
Some sources claim Janaki was ten years old when they married.She came from
Rajendram, a village close to Marudur (Karur district) Railway Station.
Ramanujan's father did not participate in the marriage ceremony.
·
Ramanujan met deputy collector V. Ramaswamy Aiyer, who had founded the Indian
Mathematical Society. Wishing for a job at the revenue department where Aiyer
worked, Ramanujan showed him his mathematics notebooks.
·
Ramanujan's friend C. V. Rajagopalachari tried to quell Rao's
doubts about Ramanujan's academic integrity. Rao agreed to give him another
chance, and listened as Ramanujan discussed elliptic
integrals, hypergeometric series, and his theory of divergent
series, which Rao said ultimately converted him to a belief in Ramanujan's
brilliance.
·
In the spring of 1913, Narayana Iyer, Ramachandra Rao
and E.
W. Middlemast tried to present Ramanujan's work to British
mathematicians. M. J. M. Hill of University College London commented that Ramanujan's
papers were riddled with holes. He said that although Ramanujan had
"a taste for mathematics, and some ability," he lacked the
educational background and foundation needed to be accepted by mathematicians.
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Major
Work
·
On 8 February 1913, Hardy wrote Ramanujan a letter
expressing his interest in his work, adding that it was "essential that I
should see proofs of some of your assertions".[42] Before
his letter arrived in Madras during the third week of February, Hardy contacted
the Indian Office to plan for Ramanujan's trip to Cambridge. Secretary Arthur
Davies of the Advisory Committee for Indian Students met with Ramanujan to
discuss the overseas trip.
·
Ramanujan departed from Madras aboard the S.S. Nevasa on
17 March 1914. When he disembarked in London on 14 April, Neville was
waiting for him with a car. Four days later, Neville took him to his house on
Chesterton Road in Cambridge. Ramanujan immediately began his work with
Littlewood and Hardy.
·
In mathematics, there is a distinction between insight
and formulating or working through a proof. Ramanujan proposed an abundance of
formulae that could be investigated later in depth. G. H. Hardy said that Ramanujan's
discoveries are unusually rich and that there is often more to them than initially
meets the eye. As a byproduct of his work, new directions of research were
opened up.
Personal
Life & Legacy
· Ramanujan's home state of Tamil Nadu celebrates 22 December (Ramanujan's
birthday) as 'State IT Day'. A stamp picturing Ramanujan was released by
the Government of India in 1962 – the 75th
anniversary of Ramanujan's birth – commemorating his achievements in the field
of number theory, and a new design was issued on 26 December 2011, by
the India Post.
· In 2011, on the 125th anniversary
of his birth, the Indian Government declared that 22 December will be
celebrated every year as National Mathematics Day. Then Indian
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also declared that the year
2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year.
Throughout his life, Ramanujan was plagued by health problems. His
health worsened in England; possibly he was also less resilient due to the
difficulty of keeping to the strict dietary requirements of his religion in
England and wartime rationing during 1914–1918. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency at the time, and was confined to
a sanatorium. In 1919 he returned to Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency, and soon thereafter, in 1920, died at the age
of 32. After his death, his brother Tirunarayanan chronicled Ramanujan's
remaining handwritten notes consisting of formulae on singular moduli,
hypergeometric series and continued fractions and compiled them.
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