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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, was an Indian Americanastrophysicist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physicswith William A. Fowler "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the best current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him.Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of physical problems in his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarves, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves.
Childhood
& Early Life
· Chandrasekhar was born on 19
October 1910 in Lahore, Punjab, British India in a Tamil family, to Sitalakshmi
(1891–1931) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya (1885–1960)[7] who was stationed in Lahore
as Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways at the time of
Chandrasekhar's birth.
· He had two elder sisters,
Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan,
Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan and four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri,
and Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel
laureate C.
V. Raman.
· Chandrasekhar was tutored at home
initially through middle school where his father would teach him Mathematicsand Physics and his mother would teach
him Tamil and later attended the Hindu High School, Triplicane, Madrasduring the years 1922–25.
· Subsequently, he studied at Presidency College, Madras from 1925 to 1930, writing
his first paper, "The Compton Scattering and the New Statistics", in 1929 upon inspiration
from a lecture by Arnold
Sommerfeld and obtaining his bachelor's degree, B.Sc. (Hon.), in
physics in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of
India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, secured by R.
H. Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper.
· In his first year at Cambridge, as
a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating
mean opacities and applying his results to
the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of the degenerate
star. At the meetings of the Royal Astronomical Society, he met E.
A. Milne. At the invitation of Max
Born he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate
studies, at Born’s institute at Göttingen, working on opacities, atomic absorption coefficients, and model
stellar photospheres.
Career
·
During this time, Chandrasekhar made acquaintance with
British physicist Sir Arthur
Eddington. In an infamous encounter in 1935, Eddington publicly
ridiculed the concept of the Chandrasekhar limit. Although Eddington would later
be proved wrong, this encounter caused Chandra to contemplate employment
outside the UK. Later in life, on multiple occasions, Chandra expressed the
view that Eddington's behavior was in part racially motivated.
·
In January 1937, Chandrasekhar was recruited to the University of Chicago faculty as assistant
professor by Otto
Struve and President Robert Maynard Hutchins. He was to remain at the
university for his entire career, becoming Morton
D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in
1952 and attaining emeritus status in 1985. Famously, Chandrasekhar declined
many offers from other universities, including one to succeed Henry Norris Russell, the preeminent American
astronomer, as director of the Princeton University Observatory.
·
Chandrasekhar did some work at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, which was run by the University of Chicago. After the Laboratory for
Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) was built by NASA in 1966 at the
University, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second
floor. (The other corners housed John A. Simpson, Peter Meyer, and Eugene
N. Parker.) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after the
high-rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s, and later at 5550
Dorchester Building.
·
During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Groundin Maryland. While there, he
worked on problems of ballistics; for example, two reports from
1943 were titled, On the decay of
plane shock waves and The normal reflection of a blast wave.
·
He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his
desire to participate in the progress of different subjects in science to the
best of his ability, and that the prime motive underlying his work was systematization.
"What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a
certain aspect, or a certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate
place in a general scheme which has form and coherence; and, if not, to seek
further information which would help him to do that."
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Major
Works
·
Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several
fields of physics and astrophysics; consequently, his working life can be
divided into distinct periods. He would exhaustively study a specific area,
publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major
concepts in the field. He would then move on to another field for the next
decade and repeat the pattern. Thus he studied stellar structure, including the theory of white dwarfs, during the years 1929 to 1939,
and subsequently focused on stellar dynamics, theory of Brownian motion from 1939 to 1943.
·
From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of The Astrophysical Journal. During the years 1990 to
1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed
geometric arguments in Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica using the language and
methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book Newton's
Principia for the Common Reader, published in 1995. Chandrasekhar was an
honorary member of the International Academy of Science.
Awards
and Achievements
·
Chandrasekhar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on
the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. Chandrasekhar accepted this
honor, but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it
as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it with William A. Fowler.
·
Henry Norris
Russell Lectureship (1949)
·
Bruce Medal (1952)
·
Rumford Prize of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences(1957)
·
National Medal of
Science, USA (1966)
·
Padma Vibhushan (1968)
·
Henry Draper Medal of
the National
Academy of Sciences (1971)
·
Nobel Prize in
Physics (1983)
·
Copley Medal of the Royal Society (1984)
·
Honorary Fellow of the International Academy of
Science (1988)
·
Gordon J. Laing
Award (1989)
·
Jansky
Lectureship before the National Radio
Astronomy Observatory
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Chandrasekhar's most notable work was the astrophysical Chandrasekhar limit. The limit describes the maximum
mass of a white dwarf star, ~1.44 solar masses, or equivalently, the minimum
mass which must be exceeded for a star to ultimately collapse into a neutron star or black hole (following a supernova). The limit was first calculated
by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to Cambridge, England for his graduate studies.
·
Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) is a program offered for
high school students who are interested in astrophysics mentored by MIT scientistssponsored by Chandra X-ray Observatory.
·
Chandrasekhar died of a sudden heart attack at the University
of Chicago Hospital in 1995, and was survived by his wife, Lalitha
Chandrasekhar, who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of 102. In
the Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society of London,
R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician
whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably
never be seen again."
·
Once when involved in a discussion about the Gita, Chandrashekhar said, "I
should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my
later remarks will not be misunderstood. I consider myself an
atheist."This was also confirmed many times in his other talks.
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