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Abul Kalam Azad
Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin
Ahmed Azad (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian scholar and
the senior Muslim leader of the Indian
National Congress during
the Indian
independence movement.
Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of Education in
the Indian government. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word
Maulana is an honorific meaning 'Our Master', and he had
adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing
the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as
"National Education Day" across India.As a young man, Azad composed
poetry in Urdu language, as well as treaties on religion and philosophy. He rose to prominence
through his work as a journalist, publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism.
Childhood & Early Life
·
Azad was born on 11
November 1888 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. His
real name was Sayyid Abul Kalaam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed who eventually became known as
Maulana Azad. Azad's father was a scholar.He lived in Delhi with his maternal
grandfather, as his father had died at a very young age.
·
During Sepoy Mutiny he left
India and settled in Mecca. MaulanaSayyid Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed AlHussaini,authored a dozen of books
and had thousands of disciples as well as claiming his ancestry to Imam Hussain, while
his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin
Zaher AlWatri, himself a reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that extended even outside of Arabia.
·
Azad began to master
several languages, including Urdu, Hindi, Persian, Bengali, Arabic, and English He
was also trained in the Mazahibs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali fiqh, Shariat, mathematics, philosophy, world history and science by reputed tutors hired by his family.
·
An avid and determined
student, the precocious Azad
was running a library, a reading room, a debating society before he was twelve,
wanted to write on the life of Ghazaliat twelve, was contributing learned articles to Makhzan (A
literary magazine) at fourteen, was teaching a class of students, most of whom
were twice his age, when he was merely fifteen and succeeded in completing the
traditional course of study at the young age of sixteen, nine years ahead of
his contemporaries, and brought out a magazine at the same age.
·
In fact, in the field
of journalism, he was publishing a poetical journal (Nairang-e-Aalam) and
was already an editor of a weekly (Al-Misbah), in 1900, at the age of twelve
and, in 1903, brought out a monthly journal, Lissan-us-Sidq, which soon
gained popularity. At the age of thirteen, he was married to a young
Muslim girl, Zulaikha Begum.Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the Hadis, and the principles of Fiqh and Kalam.
Career
·
Azad developed political
views considered radical for most Akbad Muslims of the time and became a
full-fledged Indian nationalist. He fiercely criticised the British for
racial discrimination and ignoring the needs of common people across India. He
also criticised Muslim politicians for focusing on communal issues before the
national interest and rejected the All India Muslim League's communal separatism. Azad developed curiosity and interest in
the pan-Islamic doctrines of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and visited Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt, Syriaand Turkey. But his views changed considerably when he met revolutionary activists
in Iraq and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and
nationalism.
·
Against common Muslim
opinion of the time, Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly active in revolutionary
activities, to which he was
introduced by the prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty. Azad initially evoked surprise from other revolutionaries, but Azad
won their praise and confidence by working secretly to organise revolutionaries
activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now called Mumbai).
·
Azad's education had been
shaped for him to become a cleric, but his rebellious nature and affinity for
politics turned him towards journalism. He established an Urdu weekly newspaper
in 1912 called Al-Hilal, and openly attacked British policies while exploring the
challenges facing common people, but it was banned in 1914. Espousing the
ideals of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging
young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu-Muslim unity.
Major
Works
·
Maulana Azad is considered
one of the greatest Urdu writers of the 20th century. He has written many books
including India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah, Tarjumanul Quran, etc.
·
Ghubar-e-Khatir is one
of the most important works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while
he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over the meeting of All India Congress Working
Committee.
·
Upon his release, Azad
returned to a political atmosphere charged with sentiments of outrage and
rebellion against British rule. The Indian public had been angered by the
passage of the Rowlatt Acts in
1919, which severely restricted civil liberties and individual rights.
Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and many
publications banned.
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Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Azad became an inspiring
personality in the field of politics. Azad became an important national leader,
and served on the Congress Working Committee and in the offices of general secretary and president many times.
The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist
outrage against the Simon Commissionappointed
to propose constitutional reforms.
·
In 1938, Azad served as an
intermediary between the supporters of and the Congress faction led by Congress
president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi for not launching another
rebellion against the British and sought to move the Congress away from
Gandhi's leadership. Azad stood by Gandhi with most other Congress leaders, but
reluctantly endorsed the Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following
the inclusion of India in World War II.
·
Azad is remembered as one
of the leading Indian nationalists of his time. His firm belief in Hindu-Muslim
unity earned him the respect of the Hindu community and he still remains one of
the most important symbols of communal harmony in modern India. His work for
education and social uplift in India made him an important influence in guiding
India's economic and social development.
·
The Ministry of Minority
Affairs of the central Government of India set up the Maulana Azad Education
Foundation in 1989 on the occasion of his birth centenary to promote education
amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.The Ministry also
provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, an integrated
five-year fellowship in the form of financial assistance to students from
minority communities to pursue higher studies such as M. Phil and PhD.
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