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Bacha Khan
Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988)
nicknamed Bādshāh Khān or Bāchā Khān was
a Pashtunindependence activist against the rule of the British Raj. He was a political and spiritual leader known for
his nonviolent opposition, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim. A close friend of Mohandas Gandhi, Bacha Khan was nicknamed the "Frontier
Gandhi" in British India. Bacha Khan founded the Khudai
Khidmatgar ("Servants
of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by
the British Raj against him and his supporters, and they suffered some of the
most severe repression of the Indian independence movement. Khan strongly opposed
the All-India Muslim League's demand for the partition of India. When the Indian National Congress declared its acceptance of the partition plan
without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, he felt very sad and told the
Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."
Childhood & Early Life
· Bacha Khan was born on 6 February
1890 into a generally peaceful and prosperous Pashtun family from Utmanzaiin the Peshawar Valley of British India. His father, Bahram Khan, was a land owner in the area
commonly referred to as Hashtnaghar. Bacha Khan was the second son of Bahram to
attend the British-run Edward's Mission School, the only fully functioning
school in the region run by missionaries.
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· At school the young Bacha Khan did well in his
studies, and was inspired by his mentor Reverend Wigram to see the importance
of education in service to the community. In his 10th and final year of high
school, he was offered a highly prestigious commission in the Corps of Guides, a regiment of the British Indian Army.
· Bacha Khan refused the commission
after realising that even Guides officers were still second-class citizens in
their own country. He resumed his intention of university study, and Reverend
Wigram offered him the opportunity to follow his brother, Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, to study in London.
· An alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University, Bacha Khan eventually received
the permission of his father. However, Bacha Khan's mother wasn't willing to
let another son go to London, so Bacha Khan began working on his father's
lands, attempting to discern what more he might do with his life.
· In 1910, at the age of 20, Khan
opened a mosque school in his hometown of Utmanzai. In 1911, he joined
independence movement of the Pashtun independence activist Haji Sahib of Turangzai. However, in 1915, the British
authorities banned his mosque school.
Career
·
In response to his inability to continue his own education,
Bacha Khan turned to helping others start theirs. Like many such regions of the
world, the strategic importance of the newly formed North-West Frontier
Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) as a buffer for the British Raj from Russian influence was of little benefit to
its residents.
·
Being a secular Muslim he did not believe in religious divisions.
He married his first wife Meharqanda in 1912; she was a daughter of Yar
Mohammad Khan of the Kinankhel clan of the Mohammadzai tribe of Razzar, a
village adjacent to Utmanzai. They had a son in 1913, Abdul Ghani Khan, who
would become a noted artist and poet.
·
In time, Bacha Khan's goal came to be the formulation of a
united, independent, secular India. To achieve this end, he founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of
God"), commonly known as the "Red Shirts" (Surkh Pōsh),
during the 1920s.
·
On 23 April 1930, Bacha Khan was arrested during protests
arising out of the Salt Satyagraha. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in
Peshawar's Kissa Khwani (Storytellers)
Bazaar. The British ordered troops to open fire with machine guns on the
unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250.
·
Bacha Khan forged a close, spiritual, and uninhibited
friendship with Gandhi, the pioneer of non-violent mass civil disobedience in
India. The two had a deep admiration towards each other and worked together
closely till 1947.
Major
Work
·
Khan strongly opposed the partition
of India. While many Pashtuns(particularly
the Khudai Khidmatgars) were willing to work with Indian politicians, many
other Pashtuns were sympathetic to the idea of a separate homeland for India's
Muslims following the departure of the British. Accused as being anti-Muslim,
Khan was physically assaulted in 1946, leading to his hospitalisation in
Peshawar.
·
His final major political challenge was against
the Kalabagh dam project, fearing that the
project would damage the Peshawar valley, his hostility to it would eventually
lead to the project being shelved after his death. He did not die during house
arrest but died in Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar where he was hospitalized
with severe stroke. Before this terminal hospitalization, he was treated in
India where doctors declared his brain conditions to severely disabling and
untreatable.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
His eldest son Ghani Khan was a poet, his other son Khan Abdul Wali Khan is the founder and leader of
the Awami National Party and was the Leader of the
Opposition in the Pakistan National Assembly.
·
His third son Khan Abdul Ali Khan was non-political and a
distinguished educator, and served as Vice-Chancellor of University of Peshawar. Ali Khan was also the head
of Aitchison College, Lahore and Fazle Haq college, Mardan.
·
Bacha Khan's political legacy is renowned amongst Pashtuns
and Hindus as a leader of a non-violent movement.However, within Pakistan, vast
majority of the society questioned his stance with the All India Congress over
the Muslim League as well as his opposition to Quaid-e-Azam. In particular,
people have questioned where Bacha Khan's patriotism rests following his
insistence that he be buried in Afghanistan after his death and not Pakistan.
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