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Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana (9 January 1922 – 9 November
2011), was an Indian American biochemist who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that showed how the order
of nucleotides in nucleic acids, which carry the genetic code of the cell, control the cell’s synthesis of
proteins. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from
Childhood & Early Life
·
Columbia University in the same year. Khorana was born in Raipur, British India (today Tehsil Kabirwala, Punjab, Pakistan). He served on the faculty of the University of British Columbia from 1952-1960, where he initiated his Nobel
Prize winning work. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966, and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. He co-directed the Institute for Enzyme Research,
became a professor of biochemistry in 1962 and was named Conrad A. Elvehjem
Professor of Life Sciences at University of Wisconsin–Madison.
·
He served as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of
Biology and Chemistry, Emeritusand was a member of the Board of Scientific
Governors at The Scripps Research Institute.
Career
·
Ribonucleic acid pro (RNA) with three
repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two
alternating amino
acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for Serine and CUC codes for Leucine.
·
RNAs with three repeating units (UACUACUA → UAC UAC UAC, or ACU ACU ACU, or CUA CUA CUA) produced three different
strings of amino acids. RNAs with four repeating units including UAG, UAA, or
UGA, produced only dipeptides and tripeptides thus revealing that UAG, UAA
and UGA are stop
codons.
·
With this, Khorana and his team had established that the
mother of all codes, the biological language common
to all living organisms, is spelled out in three-letter words: each set of
three nucleotides codes for a specific amino
acid.
·
Their Nobel lecture was delivered on 12
December 1968. Khorana was the first scientist to chemically
synthesize oligonucleotides.
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Major
Works
·
He extended the above to long DNA polymers using non-aqueous
chemistry and assembled these into the first synthetic gene, using polymerase and ligase enzymes that link pieces of
DNA together,as well as methods that
anticipated the invention of PCR.
·
These custom-designed pieces of artificial genes are widely
used in biology labs for sequencing, cloning and engineering new plants
and animals, and are integral to the expanding use of DNA analysis to
understand gene-based human disease as well as human evolution.
·
Khorana's invention(s) have become automated and
commercialized so that anyone now can order a synthetic oligonucleotideor a gene from any of a number of
companies. One merely needs to send the genetic sequence to one of the companies to
receive an oligonucleotide with the desired sequence.
·
Since the middle of the 1970s, his lab has studied the
biochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin, a membrane protein that converts
light energy into chemical energy by creating a proton gradient. Later,
his lab went on to study the structurally related visual pigment known as rhodopsin.
Awards
and Achievements
·
Khorana was elected as Foreign Member of
the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1978. The University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Government of India
(DBT Department of Biotechnology), and the Indo-US Science and
Technology Forum jointly created the Khorana Program in 2007. The mission of
the Khorana Program is to build a seamless community of scientists,
industrialists, and social entrepreneurs in the United States and India.
·
The program is focused on three objectives: Providing
graduate and undergraduate students with a transformative research experience,
engaging partners in rural development and food, security, and facilitating
public-private partnerships between the U.S. and India. In 2009, Khorana was
hosted by the Khorana Program and honored at the 33rd Steenbock Symposium
in Madison, Wisconsin.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Khorana died of natural causes on 9 November 2011 in Concord, Massachusetts, aged 89. A widower since 2001,
he was survived by his children Julia and Davel.
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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