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Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose (; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an
Indian physicist from Bengal specialising in theoretical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum
mechanics in
the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was awarded India's second highest civilian
award, the Padma
Vibhushan in
1954 by the Government of India. The class of particles that obey Bose–Einstein
statistics, bosons, was named after Bose by Paul Dirac. A self-taught scholar and a polymath, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields
including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy,
arts, literature, and music. He served on many research and development
committees in sovereign India.
Childhood & Early Life
· Bose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), the eldest of seven children. He
was the only son, with six sisters after him. His ancestral home was in village
Bara Jagulia, in the district of Nadia, in the state of West Bengal.
· His schooling began at the age of
five, near his home. When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted to the
New Indian School. In the final year of school, he was admitted to the Hindu School. He passed his entrance examination (matriculation) in 1909 and stood fifth in the order of merit.
· He next joined the intermediate
science course at the Presidency College, Calcutta, where he was taught by
illustrious teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada
Prasanna Das, and Prafulla Chandra Ray. Naman
Sharma and Meghnad Saha, from Dacca (Dhaka), joined the same college two
years later.
· Prasanta Chandra
Mahalanobis and Sisir Kumar Mitra were few years senior to
Bose. Bose chose mixed (applied) mathematics for his BSc and passed the
examinations standing first in 1913 and again stood first in the MSc mixed
mathematics exam in 1915. It is said that his marks in the MSc examination
created a new record in the annals of the University of Calcutta, which is yet
to be surpassed.
· After completing his MSc, Bose
joined the University of Calcutta as a research scholar in
1916 and started his studies in the theory of relativity. It was an exciting era in the
history of scientific progress. Quantum theory had just appeared on the
horizon and important results had started pouring in.
· As a polyglot, Bose was well versed in several languages such
as Bengali, English, French, German and Sanskritas well as the poetry of Lord Tennyson, Rabindranath Tagore and Kalidasa. He could play the esraj, an Indian musical instrument
similar to a violin. He was actively involved in running night schools
that came to be known as the Working Men's Institute.
Career
·
Bose attended Hindu School in Calcutta, and later attended Presidency College, also in Calcutta, earning the
highest marks at each institution, while fellow student and future
astrophysicist Meghnad Saha came second. He came in contact with
teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray and Naman
Sharma who provided inspiration to aim high in life. From 1916 to 1921, he was
a lecturer in the physics department of the University of Calcutta.
·
Along with Saha, Bose prepared the first book in English
based on German and French translations of original papers on Einstein's
special and general relativity in 1919. In 1921, he joined as Reader of the department of Physics
of the recently founded University of Dhaka (in present-day
Bangladesh). Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to
teach advanced courses for MSc and BSc honours and taught thermodynamics as well as James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.
·
Satyendra Nath Bose, along with Saha, presented several
papers in theoretical physics and pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. In 1924,
while working as a Reader (Professor without a chair) at the Physics Department
of the University of Dhaka, Bose wrote a paper
deriving Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference
to classical physics by using a novel way of
counting states with identical particles. This paper was seminal in creating
the very important field of quantum statistics.
·
While presenting a lecture at the University of Dhaka on the theory of radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe, Bose intended to show his
students that the contemporary theory was inadequate, because it predicted
results not in accordance with experimental results.
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Major
Works
· In the process of describing this
discrepancy, Bose for the first time took the position that the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution would not be true for
microscopic particles, where fluctuations due to Heisenberg's
uncertainty principle will be significant. Thus he stressed the probability
of finding particles in the phase space, each state having volume h3, and discarding the distinct position and momentum of the particles.
· The reason Bose's interpretation
produced accurate results was that since photons are indistinguishable from
each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two
distinct identifiable photons. By analogy, if in an alternate universe coins
were to behave like photons and other bosons, the probability of producing two heads would indeed
be one-third (tail-head = head-tail).
· Bose's interpretation is now
called Bose–Einstein statistics. This result derived by Bose laid
the foundation of quantum statistics, and especially the revolutionary
new philosophical conception of the indistinguishability of particles, as
acknowledged by Einstein and Dirac.
· Bose designed equipment himself
for an X-ray crystallography laboratory. He set up
laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray
spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical
spectroscopy, wireless, and unified field theories. He also published an equation of state for real gases with Meghnad Saha. He was also the Dean of the Faculty of Science at Dhaka University until
1945.
Awards
and Achievements
·
In 1937, Rabindranath Tagorededicated his only book on
science, Visva–Parichay, to Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honoured
with title Padma Vibhushan by the Indian Government in 1954. In 1959, he was
appointed as the National Professor, the highest honour in the country for a
scholar, a position he held for 15 years. In 1986, the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences was established by an act of
Parliament, Government of India, in Salt Lake, Calcutta.
·
S.N. Bose was nominated by K. Banerji (1956), D.S. Kothari
(1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962) and A.K. Dutta (1962) for the Nobel Prize in
Physics, for his contribution to Bose–Einstein statistics and the unified field
theory. For instance, Kedareswar Banerjee, head of the Physics Department,
University of Allahabad, in a letter of 12 January 1956 wrote to the Nobel
Committee.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Bosons, a class of elementary subatomic particles in particle physics were named after Satyendra Nath Bose to commemorate
his contributions to science.
·
Apart from physics, he did some research in biotechnology and literature (Bengali and English). He made deep
studies in chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences. Being Bengali, he devoted a lot of time to promoting Bengali as a teaching language, translating scientific papers
into it, and promoting the development of the region.
·
Bose became an adviser to then newly formed Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He was the President of Indian Physical Society and the National Institute
of Science. He was elected General President of the Indian Science Congress. He was the Vice-President and
then the President of Indian Statistical Institute. In 1958, he became a Fellow
of the Royal Society. He was nominated as member of Rajya Sabha.
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