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Charan Singh
Chaudhary Charan Singh (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was
the Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from 28
July 1979 until 14 January 1980. Historians and people alike frequently refer
to him as the 'champion of India's peasants.' Charan Singh was born in a Jat family in 1902 in village Bhadola of
Ghaziabad District in Uttar Pradesh Charan Singh entered politics as part
of the Independence Movement motivated by Mohandas Gandhi. He was active
from 1931 in the Ghaziabad District Arya Samaj as well as the Meerut District Indian National Congress for which he was jailed twice by the British.
Before independence, as a member of Legislative Assembly of the United
Provinces elected in 1937, he took a deep interest in the laws that were
detrimental to the village economy and he slowly built his ideological and
practical stand against the exploitation of tillers of the land by landlords.
Childhood & Early Life
· Charan Singh's ancestor was a
prominent leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Raja
Nahar Singh of Ballabhgarh, Greater
Panjab (in present-day Haryana). Nahar Singh was sent to the
gallows in Chandni
Chowk, Delhi. In order to escape the
oppression from the British
Government following their defeat, the Maharaja's followers,
including Charan Singh's grandfather moved eastward to district Bulandshaher in
Uttar Pradesh.
· Charan Singh was born on 23
December 1902 in the village of Bhadola, Ghaziabad, Uttar
Pradesh. He was a good student, and received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in
1925 and a law degree in 1926 from Agra University. He started practice as a
civil lawyer at Ghaziabad in 1928.
· In February 1937 he was elected
from the constituency of Chhaprauli (Baghpat) to the Legislative
Assembly of the United Provinces at the age of 34. In 1938 he introduced an
Agricultural Produce Market Bill in the Assembly which was published in the
issues of The Hindustan
Times of Delhi dated 31 March 1938. The Bill was intended to safeguard
the interests of the farmers against the rapacity of traders. The Bill was
adopted by most of the States in India, Punjab being the first state to do
so in 1940.
· Between 1952 and 1967, he was one
of "three principal leaders in Congress state politics." He
became particularly notable in Uttar
Pradesh from the 1950s for drafting and ensuring the passage of what were
then the most revolutionary land reform laws in any state in India under the
tutelage of the then Chief Minister Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant; first as Parliamentary Secretary
and then as Revenue Minister responsible for Land Reforms.
· He became visible on the national stage from
1959 when he publicly opposed the unquestioned leader and Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru's socialistic and collectivist land policies in the Nagpur Congress
Session. Though his position in the faction-ridden UP Congress was weakened,
this was a point when the middle peasant communities across castes in North
India began looking up to him as their spokesperson and later as their
unquestioned leader.
Career
·
Charan Singh opposed Jawaharlal
Nehru on his Soviet-style economic reforms, and he helped transform the
agricultural economy of North India after 1947. Charan Singh was of the opinion
that cooperative farms would not succeed in India. Being a son of a farmer,
Charan Singh opined that the right of ownership was important to the farmer in
remaining a cultivator. He wanted to preserve and stabilize a system of peasant
proprietorship. Charan Singh's political career suffered due to his open
criticism of Nehru's economic policy.
· Singh stood for tight government
spending, enforced consequences for corrupt officers, and advocated a
"firm hand in dealing with the demands of government employees for
increased wages and dearness allowances." It is also worth noting
that within the factional UP Congress, his ability to articulate his clear
policies and values made him stand out from his colleagues.
·
As leader of the Bharatiya
Lok Dal, a major constituent of the Janata
coalition, he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister
in 1977 by Jayaprakash Narayan's choice of Morarji
Desai, not to seek power for himself but to enable him implement his
revolutionary economic programs in the interest of the rural economy.
·
Unfortunately, few amongst his rural-based party members had
the intellectual heft to fully comprehend his wide-ranging agenda to remake
Indian society and economy, and this weakness dogged him his entire career
specially in Delhi. Urban intellectuals were mostly beholden to either the
communist / socialist models, or were neo-liberal and capitalist and hence
looked askance at his uniquely Indian solution.
·
During 1977 Lok Sabha Elections, the fragmented opposition united
a few months before the elections under the Janata Party banner, for which
Chaudhary Charan Singh had been struggling almost single-handedly since 1974.
It was because of the efforts of Raj
Narain that he became Prime Minister in the year 1979 though Raj Narain
was Chairman of Janata Party-Secular and assured Charan Singh of elevating him
as Prime Minister, the way he helped him to become Chief Minister in the year
1967 in Uttar Pradesh.
·
However, he resigned after just 24 days in office since Indira
Gandhi's Congress Party withdrew support to the
government. Charan Singh said he resigned because he was not ready to be
blackmailed into withdrawing Indira Gandhi's emergency-related court cases. Fresh
elections were held six months later. Charan Singh continued to lead the Lok
Dal in opposition till his death in 1987.
Major
Work
·
Charan Singh left the Congress party in 1967, and formed his
own political party, Bharatiya Kranti Dal. With the help and support
of Raj Narain and Ram Manohar Lohia, he became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1967, and later in 1970.
In 1975, he was jailed again, but this time by then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, daughter of his former rival
Nehru.
·
She had declared the state of emergency and jailed all her political
opponents. In the 1977 general elections, the Indian populace voted her
out, and the opposition party, of which Chaudhary Charan Singh was a senior
leader came into power. He served as Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister in the Janata government headed by Morarji Desai.
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Personal
Life & Legacy
·
He had six children with wife Gayatri Devi. His son Ajit Singh is currently the president
of a political party Rashtriya
Lok Dal and a former Union Minister and a many times Member of Parliament.
Ajit Singh's son Jayant
Chaudhary was elected to 15th
Lok Sabha from Mathura, which he lost to Hema Malini in the
election of 2014.
·
Since his death, many who knew Singh have ensured his life
and work are remembered positively. These perceptions enforce the notion
that he was of a "higher category of leaders" in the areas of
"intellect, personal integrity, and . . . coherence of his economic and
social thought." His association with causes dear to farming
communities in India caused his memorial in New Delhi to be named Kisan Ghat (in Hindi, Kisan is the word for farmer).
His birthday on 23 December is celebrated as Kisan Diwas in Uttar Pradesh. A
commemorative postage
stamp was issued by the government of India on the third death
anniversary (May 29, 1990) of Charan Singh.
·
The Amausi
Airport in Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh was renamed Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport after
him, and the University of Meerut city in Uttar Pradesh,
India, was also named Chaudhary Charan
Singh University in his honour. A college in Etawah
district, Chaudhary Charan
Singh Post Graduate College is also named after him. A hospital in Bulandshahr district is named after him.
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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