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Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was the founder
of the Brahmo Sabha movement in 1828, which engendered
the Brahmo Samaj, an influential socio-religious reform movement. His
influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public administration and education as well as
religion. He was known for his efforts to establish the abolishment of the
practice of sati, the Hindu funeral practice in which the widow was compelled to
sacrifice herself in her husband’s funeral pyre in some parts of Bengal.
Childhood & Early Life
· Ram Mohan Roy was born in Radhanagar, Hooghly District, Bengal Presidency, on 22 May 1772, into the Rarhi Brahmin caste. His father Ramkanta was
a Vaishnavite, while his mother Tarinidevi was from a Shivaite family. This was unusual - Vaishnavite did not commonly marry Shivaite in those times.
· Ram Mohan Roy's early education
was controversial. The common version is "Ram Mohan started his formal
education in the village pathshala where he learned Bengali and some Sanskrit and Persian. Later he is said to have studied Persian and Arabic in a madrasa in Patna and after that he was sent
to Benares (Kashi) for learning the intricacies of Sanskrit and Hindu scripture, including the Vedas and Upanishads. The dates of his sojourn in both these places is
uncertain. However, the commonly held belief is that he was sent to Patna when he was nine years old
and two years later to Benares."
· Ram Mohan Roy's impact on modern
Indian history was a revival of the pure and ethical principles of the Vedanta
school of philosophy as found in the Upnishads. He preached the unity of God,
made early translations of Vedic scriptures into English, co-founded the
Calcutta Unitarian Society and founded the Brahma Samaj. The Brahma Samaj played a major role in reforming and
modernising the Indian society. He successfully campaigned against sati, the practice of burning widows.
· He sought to integrate Western
culture with the best features of his own country's traditions. He established
a number of schools to popularise a modern system (effectively replacing Sanskrit based education with English based education) of education in India. He promoted a rational, ethical,
non-authoritarian, this-worldly, and social-reform Hinduism. His writings also
sparked interest among British and American Unitarians.
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Career
·
During these overlapping periods, Ram Mohan Roy acted as a
political agitator and agent, representing Christian missionaries whilst
employed by the East India Company and simultaneously pursuing
his vocation as a Pandit. To understand fully this complex period in his life
leading up to his eventual Brahmoism needs reference to his peers.
·
In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the United Kingdom as an
ambassador of the Mughal Empire, to ensure that Lord William Bentinck's Bengal Sati Regulation,
1829 banning the practice of Sati was not overturned. In addition, Roy
petitioned the King to increase his allowance and perquisites.
·
He was successful in persuading the British government to
increase the stipend of the Mughal Emperor by £30,000. He also visited France.
While in England, he embarked on a sort of cultural exchange, meeting with
members of Parliament and publishing books on Indian economics and law. Sophia Dobson Collet was his biographer at the
time.
·
Ram Mohan Roy’s experience working with the British
government taught him that Hindu traditions were often not credible or
respected by western standards and this no doubt affected his religious
reforms. He wanted to legitimise Hindu traditions to his European acquaintances
by proving that "superstitious practices which deform the Hindu religion
have nothing to do with the pure spirit of its dictates!"
·
These practices were often the reasons British officials
claimed moral superiority over the Indian nation. Ram Mohan Roy’s ideas of
religion actively sought to create a fair and just society by implementing
humanitarian practices similar to Christian ideals and thus legitimise Hinduism
in the modern world.
Major
Work
·
Roy
believed education to be an implement for social reform.
·
In
1817, in collaboration with David Hare, he set up the Hindu College at
Calcutta.
·
In
1822, Roy found the Anglo-Hindu school, followed four years later
(1826) by the Vedanta College; where he insisted that his teachings
of monotheistic doctrines be incorporated with "modern, western
curriculum.".
·
In
1830, he helped Rev. Alexander Duff in establishing the General Assembly's
Institution (now known as Scottish Church College), by providing him the venue vacated by Brahma
Sabha and getting the first batch of students.
·
He
supported induction of western learning into Indian education.
·
He
also set up the Vedanta College, offering courses as a synthesis of
Western and Indian learning.
·
Roy
published journals in English, Hindi, Persian and Bengali.
·
His
most popular journal was the Sambad
Kaumudi. It
covered topics like freedom of press, induction of Indians into high ranks of
service, and separation of the executive and judiciary.
·
When
the English Company muzzled the press, Ram Mohan composed two memorials against
this in 1829 and 1830 respectively.
Awards
and Achievements
·
In 1983, a full scale Exhibition on Ram Mohan Roy was held in
Bristol's Museum and Art Gallery. His enormous 1831 portrait by Henry Perronet
Briggs still hangs there, and was the subject of a talk by Sir Max Muller in
1873. At Bristol's Centre, on College Green, is a full size bronze statue of
the Raja by the modern Kolkata sculptor, Niranjan Pradhan.
·
Another bust by Pradhan, gifted to Bristol by Joyti Basu,
sits inside the main foyer of Bristol's City Hall. A pedestrian path at
Stapleton has been named "Rajah Rammohun Walk". There is a 1933
Brahmo plaque on the outside west wall of Stapleton Grove, and his first burial
place in the garden is marked by railings and a granite memorial stone. His
tomb and chattri at Arnos Vale are listed Grade II* by English Heritage, and
attract many admiring visitors today.
Personal
Life & Legacy
· The
Indian High Commission often come to the annual Commemoration of the Raja in
September, whilst Bristol's Lord Mayor is always in attendance. The
Commemoration is a joint Brahmo-Unitarian service for about 100 people. Brahmo
and Unitarian prayers and hymns are sung before the tomb, flowers are laid, and
the life of the Raja celebrated in a service. In 2013 a recently
discovered ivory bust of Ram Mohan was displayed, in 2014 his original
death mask at Edinburgh was filmed and its history discussed.
· He
died at Stapleton, then
a village to the north east of Bristol (now a suburb), on 27
September 1833 of meningitis and was buried in Arnos Vale
Cemetery in southern Bristol.
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