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Jyotirao Phule
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827
– 28 November 1890) was an Indian social activist for the Dalit people, a thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra.His work extended to many fields including eradication of untouchability and the caste
system, women's
emancipation and the reform of Hindu family life. In September 1873, Phule,
along with his followers, formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) to attain
equal rights for people from lower castes. Phule is regarded as an important
figure. of the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of women's education in India. He is most known for his
efforts to educate women and the lower castes. Together, they were among the
first native Indians to open a school for girls in India, which they did in
August 1848.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Jotirao Govindrao Phule was
born into a virtually illiterate family that belonged to the Mali casteof
gardeners and vegetable farmers. The original surname of the family had
been Gorhay(गोऱ्हे), and their family originally hailed from Katgun, a village in Khatav taluka of Satara District (now
in Maharashtra state).
Phule's great grandfather was worked as chaugula, a village servant.
·
Phule's father, Govindrao,
carried on the family business along with his brothers. His mother, Chimnabai,
died when he was only nine months old, and he had one elder brother. The Mali
community did not set much store by education, and after attending primary
school to learn the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic, Phule was
withdrawn from school.
·
He joined the menfolk of
his family at work, both in the shop and the farm. However, a Christian convert
from the same Mali caste as Phule, recognised his intelligence and persuaded
Phule's father to allow Phule to attend the local Scottish Mission's High
School run by Murray Mitchell.
·
Phule completed his English
schooling in 1847. As per custom, he was married young, at the age of 13, to a
girl of his own community, chosen by his father.
·
The turning point in his
life was in 1848, when he attended the wedding of a friend, who was a Brahmin. Phule participated in the customary marriage procession, but was later
rebuked and insulted by his friend's parents for doing that. They told him that
he being from a lower caste should have had the sense to keep away from that
ceremony. This incident profoundly affected Phule on the injustice of the caste
system.
Career
·
In 1848, Jyotiba visited
the first girl's school in Ahmadnagar, run by Christian missionaries. It was
also in 1848 that Young Jyotiba read Thomas Paine's
book Rights of Man (1791),
and developed a keen sense of social justice. He realised that lower castes and
women were at a disadvantage in Indian society, and also that education of
these sections was vital to their emancipation.
·
To this end, Jyotirao at
the age of 22 first taught reading and writing to his wife, Savitribai, and
then the couple started the first indigenously run school for girls in Pune in
1848, for which he was forced to leave his parental home. When they were
ostracised by their family and community, their friend Usman Sheikh and his
sister Fatima Sheikh provided
them their home to stay and helped them to start the very first girl's school
in their premises.
·
Untouchable castes in Pune
during Jyotiba's time were kept segregated from the rest of the society.
Jyotiba did not like this kind of discrimination. He also saw Rama, the hero of the Indian epic Ramayana as a symbol of oppression stemming from the Aryan conquest.
Phule's critique of the caste system began with his attack on the Vedas, the
most fundamental texts of upper caste Hindus.
·
Phule believed in
overthrowing the social system in which people had been deliberately made
dependent on others, illiterate, ignorant and poor, with a view to exploiting
them. To him blind faith eradication formed part of a broad socio-economic transformation.
This was his strategy for ending exploitation of human beings. Mere advice,
education and alternative ways of living are not enough, unless the economic
framework of exploitation comes to an end.
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Major
Work
·
On 24 September 1873, Phule
formed Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of the seekers of truth), to focus on rights of depressed
classes. As the first president and treasurer, he opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system.
Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of rational thinking and rejected
the need for priests. Savitribai became the head of the women's section, which
included ninety female members.
·
Jyotirao owned 60 acres of
farmland at Manjri near Pune. For period of time, he worked as a contractor for
the government and supplied building materials required for the construction of
a dam on the Mula-Mutha river near Pune in the 1870s..Apart from the dam, he
also got contracts to provide labor for the construction of the Katraj Tunnel and
the Yerawda Jail near Pune.
·
Phule has been commemorated
numerous times in Maharashtra as well as other parts of India. Universities
(such as in Jaipur), museums (Pune), vegetable markets (Pune, Mumbai) have been named
after him.
Personal
Life & Legacy
Among Phule's notable
published works are:
·
Tritiya Ratna, 1855
·
Brahmananche Kasab,1869
·
Powada : Chatrapati
Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha, [English: Life Of Shivaji, In Poetical Metre], June
1869
·
Powada: Vidyakhatyatil
Brahman Pantoji, June 1869
·
Manav
Mahammand (Muhammad) (Abhang)
·
Gulamgiri, 1873
·
Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator's
Whipcord), July 1881
·
Satsar Ank 1, June
1885
·
Satsar Ank 2, October
1885
·
Ishara, October 1885
·
Gramjoshya sambhandi jahir
kabhar, (1886)
·
Satyashodhak Samajokt
Mangalashtakasah Sarva Puja-vidhi, 1887
·
Sarvajanik Satya Dharma
Poostak, April 1889
·
Sarvajanic Satya
Dharmapustak, 1891
·
Akhandadi Kavyarachana
·
Asprashyanchi Kaifiyat
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