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Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (19 November
1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and central figure of
the Indian National Congress party. She was the first and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi belonged to the Nehru-Gandhi political family and was
the daughter of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family
of Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from
1980 until her assassination in 1984, making her the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of
India after her father.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Indira Gandhi was born as
Indira Priyadarshini Nehru in a Kashmiri Pandit family
on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad. Her
father, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a
leading figure in India's political struggle for independence from British rule, and
became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion (and
later Republic) of India.
·
Indira was mostly taught at
home by tutors, and intermittently attended school until matriculation in 1934.
She was a student at the Modern School in Delhi, St Cecilia's and St Mary's Christian convent schools in Allahabad, the International School of Geneva, the Ecole Nouvelle in Bex, and the Pupils' Own School in Poona and Bombay, which is affiliated to University of Mumbai.
·
In 2010, Oxford further honoured
her by selecting her as one of the ten Oxasians, illustrious Asian graduates
from the University of Oxford.
Career
·
The first eleven years of
Indira's position as prime minister saw her evolving from the perception of
being puppet of party leaders to the one with iron resolve to split the party
for her policy positions or to go to war with Pakistan to liberate Bangladesh.
·
Indira formed her
government with Morarji Desai as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister. At
the beginning of her first term as prime minister, Indira was widely criticized
by the media and the opposition as a "Goongi goodiya" (Hindi word for
a dumb doll or puppet) of the Congress party bosses who had got her elected and
tried to constrain her.
·
The first electoral test
for Indira was the 1967 general elections for the Lok sabha and state assemblies. The Congress Party won a
reduced majority for the Lok sabha in these elections owing to widespread
disenchantment over rising prices of commodities, unemployment, economic
stagnation and a food crisis.
·
Garibi Hatao (Eradicate
Poverty) was the theme for Gandhi's 1971 bid. On the other hand, the combined
opposition alliance had a two word manifesto of "Indira Hatao"
(Remove Indira).
·
On 12 June 1975, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabhain 1971
void on grounds of electoral malpractice. In an election petition filed by her
1971 opponent, Raj Narain (who
later on defeated her in 1977 parliamentary election from Raebareli),
alleged several major as well as minor instances of using government resources
for campaigning.
·
In 1977, after extending
the state of emergency twice, Indira Gandhi called elections to give the
electorate a chance to vindicate her rule. Gandhi may have grossly misjudged
her popularity by reading what the heavily censored press wrote about her.
Major
Works
·
The biggest achievement of
Indira Gandhi after the 1971 election came in December 1971 with India's
decisive victory over Pakistan in the liberation war, that led to the formation of independent Bangladesh. She
was hailed as Goddess Durga by opposition leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee at that time.
·
In 1952 in a letter to her
American friend Dorothy Norman, Gandhi wrote: "I am in no sense a
feminist, but I believe in women being able to do everything...Given the opportunity
to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once."
Awards
& Achievements
·
After leading India to
victory against Pakistan in the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971,
President V. V. Giri awarded
Mrs. Gandhi India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna. In
2011, the Bangladesh Freedom Honour (Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona), Bangladesh's highest civilian
award, was posthumously conferred on Indira Gandhi for her outstanding
contributions to Bangladesh's Liberation War.
·
The two extreme points of
India: the northernmost Indira Col (35.674520°N
76.845245°E) and the southernmost Indira Point (6.74678°N
93.84260°E) are also named after Indira Gandhi.
·
The Indira
Awaas Yojana, a central government
low-cost housing programme for the rural poor, was named after her.
·
The international airport
at New Delhi is named Indira
Gandhi International Airport in
her honour.
·
The Indira
Gandhi National Open University, the
largest university in the world, is also named after her.
·
Indian National Congress established the annual Indira
Gandhi Award for National Integration in
1985, given in her memory on her death anniversary.
·
The Indira Gandhi Memorial
Trust also constituted the annual Indira Gandhi Prize.
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Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Indira Gandhi's main legacy
was standing firm in face of American pressure to defeat Pakistan and turn East
Pakistan into independent Bangladesh. She was also responsible India joining
the Nuclear club of countries with Nuclear weapons.Despite India being
officially part of the non-aligned movement,she gave Indian foreign policy a
tilt towards the soviet block.
·
A member of the Nehru-Gandhi family, she married Feroze Gandhi at
the age of 25, in 1942. Their marriage lasted for 18 years, until Feroze died
after a heart attack in 1960. They had two sons – Rajiv (b.
1944) and Sanjay (b.
1946).
·
Gandhi's yoga guru, Dhirendra Brahmachari, helped her in making certain decisions and also executed certain top
level political tasks on her behalf, especially from 1975 to 1977 when Gandhi
declared a state of emergency and suspended civil liberties."
·
On 31 October 1984, two of
Gandhi's bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the Prime
Minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi. The shooting occurred as
she was walking past a wicket gate guarded by Satwant and Beant. She was to
have been interviewed by the British actor Peter Ustinov, who
was filming a documentary for Irish television.
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