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Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and
prevention of diseases, and his discoveries have saved many lives ever since. He reduced
mortality from puerperal fever, and created the first vaccines for rabiesand anthrax. His medical discoveries provided direct
support for the germ
theory of disease and
its application in clinical medicine. He is best known to the general public
for his invention of the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of bacteriology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch, and is popularly known as the "father of microbiology".
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Louis Pasteur was born on
December 27, 1822, in Dole, Jura, France, to a Catholicfamily of a poor tanner. He was the third child of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and
Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. The family moved to Marnoz in 1826 and then to Arbois in 1827.Pasteur entered primary school in 1831.
·
He was an average student
in his early years, and not particularly academic, as his interests were fishing and sketching.He
drew many pastels and portraits of his parents, friends and
neighbors. Pasteur attended secondary school at the Collège
d'Arbois. In October 1838, he left for Paris to join the Pension Barbet,
but became homesick and returned in November.
·
In 1839, he entered the
Collège Royal de Besançon to study philosophy and earned his Bachelor of
Letters degree in 1840. He was appointed a tutor at the Besançon college
while continuing a degree science course with special mathematics.
Career
·
Pasteur was appointed
professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg in 1848, and became the
chair of chemistry in 1852. In 1854, he was named dean of the new faculty
of sciences at Lille University, where he began his studies on fermentation.
·
In 1857, he moved to Paris
as the director of scientific studies at the École Normale Supérieure where he took control from 1858 to 1867 and introduced a series of
reforms to improve the standard of scientific work. The examinations became more
rigid, which led to better results, greater competition, and increased
prestige.
·
In 1863, he was appointed
professor of geology, physics, and chemistry at the École
nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, a
position he held until his resignation in 1867. In 1867, he became the chair of
organic chemistry at the Sorbonne, but he later gave up the position
because of poor health.
Major
Works
·
In Pasteur's early work as
a chemist, beginning at the École Normale Supérieure, and continuing at
Strasbourg and Lille, he examined the chemical, optical and crystallographic
properties of a group of compounds known as tartrates.
·
Pasteur was motivated to investigate
fermentation while working at Lille. In 1856 a local wine manufacturer, M.
Bigot, whose son was one of Pasteur's students, sought for his advice on the
problems of making beetroot alcohol and souring.
·
Pasteur demonstrated that
the skin of grapes was the natural source of yeasts, and that sterilized grapes
and grape juice never fermented. He drew grape juice from under the skin with
sterilized needles, and also covered grapes with sterilized cloth. Both
experiments could not produce wine in sterilized containers.
·
In the 1870s, he applied
this immunization method to anthrax, which affected cattle, and aroused interest in combating other diseases. Pasteur cultivated
bacteria from the blood of animals infected with anthrax. When he inoculated
animals with the bacteria, anthrax occurred, proving that the bacteria was the
cause of the disease.
Awards
& Achievements
·
Pasteur was awarded
1,500 francs in 1853 by the Pharmaceutical Society for the synthesis of racemic
acid. In 1856 the Royal Society of
London presented him the Rumford Medal for
his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized
light, and the Copley Medal in
1874 for his work on fermentation. He was elected a Foreign
Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1869.
·
In 1873 Pasteur was elected
to the Académie Nationale de Médecine and was made the commander in the Brazilian Order of the Rose. In
1881 he was elected to a seat at the Académie française left vacant by Émile Littré. Pasteur
received the Albert
Medal from the Royal Society of Arts in 1882. In 1883 he became foreign member of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
·
On June 8, 1886, the
Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II awarded
Pasteur with the Order of the Medjidie (I Class) and 10000 Ottoman liras. Pasteur won the Leeuwenhoek Medal from
the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences for
his contributions to microbiologyin
1895.
·
Pasteur was made a
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in
1853, promoted to Officer in 1863, to Commander in 1868, to Grand Officer in
1878 and made a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1881.
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Personal
Life & Legacy
·
A statue of Pasteur is
erected at San Rafael High School in San Rafael, California. A bronze bust of him resides on the French Campus of Kaiser Permanente's San
Francisco Medical Center in San Francisco. The
sculpture was designed by Harriet G. Moore and cast in 1984 by Artworks
Foundry.
·
The UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal was created on the centenary of Pasteur's death, and is given
every two years in his name, "in recognition of outstanding research
contributing to a beneficial impact on human health".
·
In 1868, Pasteur suffered a
stroke that paralysed the left side of his body, but he recovered.A stroke
or uremia in 1894 severely impaired his health. Failing to fully
recover, he died on September 28, 1895, near Paris.He was given a state funeral and
was buried in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, but his remains were reinterred in the Pasteur Institute in
Paris, in a vault covered in depictions of his accomplishments in Byzantine mosaics.
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