Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, ( Roberts; 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century, and the first woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her "The Iron Lady", a nickname that came to be associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.

Childhood & Early Life

· Thatcher was born Margaret Hilda Roberts on 13 October 1925, in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Her father was Alfred Roberts, originally from Northamptonshire, and her mother was Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson) from Lincolnshire.

· Margaret Roberts attended Huntingtower Road Primary School and won a scholarship to Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School. Her school reports showed hard work and continual improvement; her extracurricular activities included the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, swimming and walking.

· Roberts arrived at Oxford in 1943 and graduated in 1947 with Second-Class Honours in the four-year Chemistry Bachelor of Science degree, specialising in X-ray crystallography under the supervision of Dorothy Hodgkin.

· During her time at Oxford, she was noted for her isolated and serious attitude. At Oxford, she met a young man named Tony Bray (1926–2014) who was impressed by her and later recalled that she was "very thoughtful and a very good conversationalist.

Career

· In the 1950 and 1951 general elections, Roberts was the Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat of Dartford. The local party selected her as its candidate because, though not a dynamic public speaker, Roberts was well-prepared and fearless in her answers; another prospective candidate recalled that "Once she opened her mouth, the rest of us began to look rather second-rate".

· In 1954, Thatcher was defeated when she sought selection to be the Conservative party candidate for the Orpington by-election of January 1955. She chose not to stand as a candidate in the 1955 general election, in later years stating: "I really just felt the twins were ... only two, I really felt that it was too soon. I couldn't do that."

· The Conservative Party under Edward Heath won the 1970 general election, and Thatcher was subsequently appointed to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Education and Science. During her first months in office she attracted public attention as a result of Iain Macleod's attempts to cut spending. She gave priority to academic needs in schools.

Major Works

· In 1976, Thatcher made a foreign policy speech which lambasted the Soviet Union for seeking "world dominance".^[95] Nicknamed her "Britain Awake" speech, the Soviet Army journal Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star) rebutted her stance in a piece entitled "Iron Lady Raises Fears" by Captain Yuri Gavrilov (alluding to "Iron Chancellor" Bismarck of imperial Germany). The Sunday Times covered the Red Stararticle the next day and Thatcher embraced the epithet a week later; in a speech to Finchley Conservatives she compared it to the Duke of Wellington's nickname "The Iron Duke". The metaphorical sobriquet followed her throughout her political career,and has since become a generic descriptor for strong-willed female politicians.

· Thatcher became Prime Minister on 4 May 1979. Arriving at Downing Street she said, paraphrasing the so-called Prayer of Saint Francis.

Awards & Achievements

24 October 1979: invited to become an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (FRIC)
1 July 1983: elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a point of controversy among some of the then-existing Fellows
7 March 1991: awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on behalf of President George H. W. Bush
15 May 1991: awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope on behalf of President F. W. de Klerk

Personal Life & Legacy

· "Thatcherism" represented a systematic, decisive rejection and reversal of the post-war consensus, whereby the major political parties largely agreed on the central themes of Keynesianism, the welfare state, nationalised industry, and close regulation of the economy. The National Health Service was a notable exception; she promised in 1982 that it was "safe in our hands".

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· Thatcher defined her own political philosophy in a major and controversial break with the one-nation conservatism of Edward Heath and her Conservative predecessors in an interview published in Woman's Own magazine, three months after victory in the 1987 general election.

· Baroness Thatcher died on 8 April 2013, at the age of 87, after suffering a stroke. She had been staying at a suite in the Ritz Hotel in London since December 2012 after having difficulty with stairs at her Chester Square home in Belgravia.Her death certificate listed as the primary causes of death a "cerebrovascular accident" and a "repeated transient ischaemic attack"; secondary causes were listed as a "carcinoma of the bladder" and dementia.

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Margaret Thatcher

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