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Ramakrishna Paramhansa
Date
of Birth: February 18, 1836
Place
of Birth: Kamarpukur village, Hoogly District, Bengal Presidency
Parents:
Khudiram Chattopadhyay (Father) and Chandramani Devi (Mother)
Wife:
Saradamoni Devi
Religious
Views: Hinduism; Advaitaism;
Philosophy:
Shakto, Advaita Vedanta, Universal Tolerance
Death:
16, August, 1886
Place
of Death: Cossipore, Calcutta
Memorial:
Kamarpukur village, Hoogly District, West Bengal; Dakshineshwar Kali Temple
Compound, Kolkata, West Bengal
One
of the most prominent religious figures of India during the nineteenth century,
Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa was a mystic and a yogi who translated complex
spiritual concepts into lucid and easily intelligible manner. Born in a simple
Bengali rural family in 1836, Ramakrishna was as simple yogi. He pursued the
Divine throughout his life in various forms and believed in divine embodiment
of the Supreme Being in every individual. Sometimes believed to be the modern
day reincarnation of Lord Vishnu, Ramakrishna was the embodiment of spiritual
salvation to troubled souls from all walks of life. He was a key figure in
revival of Hinduism in Bengal at a time when intense spiritual crisis was
gripping the province leading to predominance of young Bengalis embracing
Brahmoism and Christianity. His legacy did not end with his death in 1886; his
most prominent disciple Swami Vivekananda carried on his teachings and
philosophy to the world through Ramakrishna Mission. In essence, his teachings
were as traditional as ancient sages and seer, yet he remains contemporary
throughout the ages.
Early
Life
Ramakrishna
was born as Gadadhar Chattopadhyay on February 18, 1836 to Khudiram
Chattopadhyay and Chandramani Devi. The poor Brahmin family hailed from the
Kamarpukur village of Hoogly district in Bengal Presidency.
Young
Gadadhar was sent to the village school to learn Sanskrit, but a reluctant
student he would often play truant. He loved to paint and create clay models of
Hindu Gods and Goddesses. He was attracted to folk and mythological stories
which he had heard from his mother. He gradually leant Ramayana, Mahabharata,
Puranas and other holy literature by heart just by hearing it from priests and
sages. Young Gadadhar loved the nature so much that he used to spend much of
his time in orchards and on the river-banks.
From
a very young age, Gadadhar was religiously inclined and he would experience
episodes of spiritual ecstasy from everyday incidents. He would go into trances
while performing pujas or observing a religious drama.
After
the death of Gadadhar’s father in 1843, the responsibility of the family fell
on his elder brother, Ramkumar. Ramkumar left home for Calcutta to earn for the
family and Gadadhar, back in his village started performing regular worshipping
of their family-deity, previously handled by his brother. He was deeply
religious and would perform the pujas ardently. Meanwhile, his elder brother
had opened a school to teach Sanskrit in Calcutta and served as a priest at
different socio-religious functions.
Ramakrishna
was married to five-year old Saradamoni Mukhopadhyay from a neighbouring
village when he was twenty three years of age in 1859. The couple stayed apart
until Saradamoni came of age and she joined her husband at Dakshineshwar at the
age of eighteen. Ramakrishna proclaimed her as the embodiment of Divine Mother
and performed the Shodashi Puja with her in the seat of Goddess Kali. She was
an ardent follower of her husband’s philosophies and took up the role of mother
to his disciples with much ease.
The
Kali temple at Dakshineshwar was established by the celebrated philanthropist
Queen of Janbazar, Calcutta, Rani Rashmoni, during 1855. Since the Queen’s
family belonged to the Kaibarta clan that was considered a lower caste by the
Bengali society of the time, Rani Rashmoni was having immense difficulty in
finding a priest for the temple. Rashmoni’s son-in-law, Mathurbabu came across
Ramkumar in Calcutta and invited him to take the position of the head priest at
the temple. Ramkumar obliged and sent for Gadadhar to join him at Dakshineshwar
to assist him in the daily rituals. He arrived at Dakshineshwar and was
entrusted with the duty of decorating the deity.
Ramkumar
died in 1856, leaving Ramakrishna to take over the position of the head priest
at the temple. Thus began the long, celebrated journey of priesthood for
Gadadhar. It is said that Mathurbabu, witnessing Gadadhar’s piousness and
certain supernatural incidents, gave the name Ramakrishna to young Gadadhar.
Religious
Journey
As
a worshipper of Goddess Kali, Ramakrishna was considered a ‘Shakto’, but the
technicalities did not limit him to worship the divine through other spiritual
approaches. Ramakrishna was perhaps one of the very few yogis who had tried to
experience divinity through a host of different avenues and have not stuck to
one single way of spirituality. He schooled under a number of different Gurus
and absorbed their philosophies with equal eagerness.
He
worshipped God Rama as Hanuman, Rama’s most devoted follower and even
experienced vision of Sita merging with himself.
He
learned the nuances of ‘Tantra Sadhana’ or tantric ways from Bhairavi Brahmani,
a female sage, during 1861-1863. Under her guidance Ramakrishna completed all
64 sadhanas of tantras, even the most intricate and demanding of them. He also
learned Kundalini Yoga from Bhairavi.
Ramakrishna
next moved on to leaning the inner mechanics of the ‘Vaishnav’ faith, a faith
starkly opposite in philosophy and practices to Shakto tantric practices. He
learned under the tutelage of Guru Jatadhari during 1864. He practiced
‘Batshalya Bhava’, worshipping of God, specifically Lord Vishnu in a child
image with the attitude of mother. He also practiced ‘Madhura Bhava’, the
central concepts of Vaishav faith, synonymous with the love that Radha felt for
Krishna. He visited Nadia and experienced a vision that Chaitanya Mahaprabhu,
the founder of Vaishnav faith merging in his body.
Ramakrishna
was initiated into Sanyaas or formal life of an ascetic during 1865 from Monk
Totapuri. Totatpuri guided Ramakrishna through the rituals of renunciation and
instructed him the teachings of Advaita Vedanta, Hindu philosophies dealing
with non-dualism of spirit, and importance of Brahman. It was now that
Ramakrishna attained his highest spiritual realization.
In
the subsequent years, he undertook practicing of Islam, with observing all the
rituals of the religion in a devout manner. He even experienced vision of a
radiant white bearded man. His tryst with Christianity came much later, in
1873, when a devotee read The Bible to him and he got immersed in the thoughts
of Christ. He had a vision of Madonna and Child and of Jesus himself.
Sri
Ramakrishna was probably the most celebrated mystic of all times. A simple man,
sometimes with childlike enthusiasm, he explained the most complex concepts of
spiritual philosophies in most simple parables, stories and anecdotes. His
words flowed from a deep sense of belief in the Divinity and his experience of
embracing God in a very real form. He directed that the ultimate goal of every
living soul is God-realization. Having practiced different facets of Hinduism
as well of other religions like Islam and Christianity, he preached that all of
these religions were different paths that lead up to a single goal – God. His
conversations with his disciples were recorded by his devotee Mahendranath
Gupta and the collective work was titled as Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita (The
Nectar of Sri Ramakrishna's Words). To get rid of the thought that he belonged
to a higher Brahmanical caste, he began to eat food cooked by the shudras or
lower-caste.
His
influence reached all strata of the society; he did not differentiate between
devotees based on caste. He even embraced the sceptics, won them over with his
simplistic charm and unselfish love. He was a force of revival to re-energise
the decaying Hinduism in nineteenth century Bengal. His teachings also had
profound effect on other religions like the Brahmoism that were forced to
re-evaluate their beliefs.
Foremost
among his innumerable disciples was Swami Vivekananda, who was instrumental in
establishing the philosophy of Ramakrishna at a global stage. Vivekananda
established the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 to carry out the visions of his
Guru Ramakrishna and dedicated the establishment in servitude of the society.
Other
disciples who renounced all ties to family life and participated in the
formation of Ramakrishna Math along with Vivekananda were Kaliprasad Chandra
(Swami Abhedananda), Sashibhushan Chakravarty (Swami Ramakrishnananda), Rakhal
Chandra Ghosh (Swami Brahmananda), Sarat Chandra Chakravarty (Swami
Saradananda) among others. All of them were instrumental in propagating the
teachings of Sri Ramakrishna not just in India, but throughout the world and
carred forward his vision of Seva.
Apart
from his direct disciples, Ramakrishna had profound effect on Sri Keshab
Chandra Sen, an influential Brahmo Samaj leader. Ramakrishna’s teaching and his
company led Keshab Chandra Sen to reject the rigidity of Brahmo ideals that he
initially was attached to. He recognised polytheism and heralded the Naba
Bidhan movement within the Brahmo order. He propagated Ramakrishna’s teachings
in his Naba Bidhan periodicals and was responsible for popularisation of the
mystic among the elites of the contemporary Bengali society.
Among
the other noted disciples of Ramakrishna were Mahendranath Gupta (a devotee who
followed Ramakrishna despite being a family man), Girish Chandra Ghosh (noted
poet, playwright, theatre director and actor), Mahendra Lal Sarkar (one of the
most successful Homeopath doctors of the nineteenth century) and Akshay Kumar
Sen (a mystic and saint).
Death
In
1885 Ramakrishna suffered from throat cancer. In order to consult the best
physicians of Calcutta, Ramakrishna was shifted to a devotee’s house in
Shyampukur by his disciples. But with time, his health started deteriorating
and he was taken to a large house at Cossipore. His condition kept worsening
and on 16 August, 1886, he passed away at the Cossipore garden house.
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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