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Kavi
Kalidass
Kalidasa is acclaimed as 'Kavikula Shiromani' -
the crest jewel amongst the family of poets. This eminent poet and dramatist
has been a source of inspiration for centuries. His compositions are as fresh
today as when they first appeared.
Kalidasa is acclaimed as Kavikula Shiromani (crest jewel among the family of poets). This
eminent poet and dramatist has been a source of inspiration for centuries. His
compositions are as fresh today as when they first appeared.
It is said that the truly great stand upon no
middle ledge; they are either famous or unknown. Kalidasa, the distinguished
poet of ancient India, has turned out to be both. He has achieved Like Panini,
centuries before him, Kalidasa is purported to have been a dunce to begin with.
He was married to an erudite princess, Vasanti, through trickery. She took a
vow that she would only marry one who could overcome her in a scholarly
disputation. It did not take long for her to realize that she had been tricked
into marrying a fool by Vararuchi, a noted poet, who had scores to settle with
her. She had spurned Vararuchi’s proposals as she was afraid that he was
superior to her intellectually. The princess had rejected several suitors as
less accomplished than herself. Then one day, Vararuchi witnessed a handsome
fellow engaged in a really stupid task. He was trying to cut the branch of a
tree on which he was perched. The rejected suitor thought that the fellow would
be an “ideal” life partner for the haughty princess. Vararuchi and his
accomplices presented the woodcutter before her after dressing him in gorgeous
clothes. She was taken in by his handsome appearance and supposed
scholarship.fame through his works like Abhijnana Shakuntalam, but we know very
little about his life. A lot of folklore has grown around his persona.
The date or place of his birth are not known.
Scholars have to laboriously piece together conjectural evidence provided by
his works and historical inscriptions. This is more guesswork than actual
facts. We are equally ignorant about what name his parents had given him.
Kalidasa appears to be a later name which the poet got after winning the grace
of the goddess. According to Narayana Pisharoty, a modern scholar who collected
various references about the poet’s life, Kalidasa’s original name was
Nilakantha and he was a Brahmin by birth; Priya was his wife, and he was a
householder before coming to Ujjain (ancient Ujjayini), in today’s Madhya
Pradesh.
Several places in the country claim the honour of
being the place of his birth like, Mandasor near Ujjain and Damodarapura in the
Madhubani district of Bihar, according to a Mithila tradition. This is because
Kalidasa’s birthplace has also been identified with Mithila. The village of
Gaddasingaru in Bengal, too, lays claim to the honour. According to a widely
prevalent tradition, Varanasi could have been the poet’s birthplace. He is
supposed to have married Vasanti, daughter of King Bhimasukala of Varanasi.
Kalidasa’s wife was also known as Vidyottama. According to another version, the
poet never married.
As Kalidasa’s works contain references to rishis
with ashrams in the Himalayan region of Kashmir, some scholars have claimed
that Kalidasa belonged to Kashmir. This claim seems far-fetched for the simple
reason that as a premier nature poet he was merely describing the grandeur of
the lofty mountains. To reinforce the argument they also say that the poet
originally belonged to Kashmir, but migrated to Vidarbha to escape the
devastation caused by the Hunas. This again is improbable as the foreign
invaders came several centuries after the great poet.
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He
reportedly locked himself up in a Kali mandir and refused to open the door
till the Goddess agreed to transform him into a learned man. Kali then wrote
a consecrated word on it; he thus became a scholar. From then onwards he came
to be known as Kalidasa (the servant of Kali).
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On
seeing a portrait of the king of Lanka, the 'dunce' pronounced Ravana as
Rabhana; this made the princess burst into peals of laughter. Vararuchi and his
accomplices ably defended the stupid fellow through an improvised shloka. The
purport of the shloka is – the names of the Lanka monarch’s brothers are
Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana, therefore Ravana, born in the rakshas family,
has to be Rabhana and not Ravana. The learned princess was impressed by the
logic and agreed to the marriage. After the marriage, she realized that the
fellow was actually a fool. She was faced with a difficult situation – a
learned person was married to an idiot. There are two versions of how she
handled the situation. According to one story, the idiot was summarily turned
out of the palace. Stung to the quick, he reportedly locked himself up in a
Kali mandir while the goddess was away on her nocturnal rounds, and refused to
open the door till she agreed to transform him into a learned man. When he opened
the door, following repeated requests of the deity, she asked him to stretch
out his tongue. Kali then wrote some consecrated word on it; he thus became a
scholar. From then onwards he came to be known as Kalidasa (the servant of
Kali). The Bengalis rest their claim on this episode. But Dr K.C. Jain in his
book, Kalidasa and His Times, maintains that it was highly unlikely as Kalidasa
had mentioned Kali only once in Kumarasambhavam.
According to another version, it was Princess Vasanti who advised him to seek divine blessings. After becoming a scholar, the former dunce presented himself before the princess. She asked a question, “Asti kaschit vagardhau?” – “Is there anything special in your speech?’’ She set a samasya with these words to test him. (Samasya is part of a stanza to be completed and only a scholar could do it.) After becoming a scholar, he completed the samasya by beginning his three works – Kumarasambhavam, Meghadutam and Raghuvamsham with the words the princess had set in the samasya:
Astyutarasyãm disi devatatmã,
himalayo nama nagadhirãjã.
“There exists in the northern region the divine-souled Himalaya, the king of mountains.”
Kaschit kãntã viraha gurunã svãdhi kãratmapramattamãha Sarpenastamagamitã
mahimavarshabhogyena bhartruhu,
Yakshachakre janakatanayãsnanupunyodakeshu snigdahchayatarushu vastim ramagiryãshrameshu.
Purport: A yaksha (semi-divine being) angered his master by neglecting his duties. The master cursed him to stay separated from his wife for a year. He stayed in the hermitages of Ramagiri (the Vindhya range) covered with shady trees and containing waters purified by Janaka’s daughter (Sita) as she used them for her ablutions.
Vagardhãviva sampruktau vãgardhapratipattaye,
Jagathah pitarau vande pãrvati parameshwarau.
“I bow down to Parvati and the Supreme Lord, the world’s parents, who like word and meaning are unified, that I may attain right knowledge of word and sense.”
Kalidasa appears to be familiar with ancient Ujjayini. In Meghadutam, the cloud messenger is specially asked to look out for the Mahakala (or Shiva) Mandir in Ujjayini. According to a traditional source, the poet died in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in a house of ill-repute owing to Parvati’s curse. The goddess was furious at the way the poet had described her dalliance with Shiva in Kumarasambhavam and hence the curse. It may be mentioned here that Kumarasambhavam appears to be written by a different author after the eighth canto. Experts of literature have pronounced the latter part to be inferior to the earlier cantos.
The time given by historians of Kalidasa’s time of existence ranges from 200 BCE to 600 CE. The Bhitari copper plate found in archaeological excavations
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