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William Wilberforce
William Wilberforce was a British politician
and philanthropist who dedicated his life to the abolitionist movement. A
deeply religious man, he played an influential role in abandoning slavery and
slave trade from the British society. Wilberforce commenced his political
career as an independent Member of the Parliament. It was while pursuing his
political ambitions that Wilberforce experienced a spiritual reformation that
turned him from a staunch Christian to an Evangelist. In 1787, Wilberforce
first came into contact with anti-slave trade activist. Initially sceptical of
his abilities, he soon took on the campaign and introduced the abolition of
slave trade in the House of Commons. And rest as they say is history. Despite
repeated failures, he made constant attempts arguing against the injustice
meted out to slaves and raising awareness about their pitiable conditions. It
was due to his resilient approach that in the Abolition of Slave Trade Act 1807
was finally passed. All through his life, Wilberforce contributed significantly
in reshaping the political and social scenario by promoting social
responsibility and action. Till the end, he fought for slave right and merely
three days before his death, witnessed the passing of the Abolition of Slavery
Bill in the House of Commons. A month after his death, the Bill was passed in
the House of Lords and became Abolition of Slavery Act
Childhood & Early
Life
· William Wilberforce was born on August 24,
1759 as the only son of Robert Wilberforce and Elizabeth Bird. His father was a
wealthy merchant. As a child, Wilberforce was mostly unwell and had poor
eyesight.
· He gained his early education from Hull
Grammar School. Upon his father’s death in 1768, Wilberforce was put under the
guardianship of his uncle and aunt under whose influence he leaned towards
evangelicalism.
· Returning to Hull in 1771, he resumed his
studies. The religious fervour subsided as he engaged himself in social outings
and led a hedonistic lifestyle. For higher studies he enrolled at St John’s
College, Cambridge.
· In 1781, he was awarded a B.A. degree and in
1788, he bagged his M.A. degree.
Career
§ It was while at college that Wilberforce
considered a career in politics. In 1780, he was elected as the Member of
Parliament for Kingston upon Hull.
§ As an MP, he served as a ‘no party man’.
Wilberforce supported both the Tory and Whig government, mostly working in
favour of the party in power. Due to the same, he was criticized by fellow
politicians for his inconsistency.
§ Blessed with excellent oratory skills, he
gained a reputation for himself as an influential speaker with a sharp sense of
wit. He became a renowned name in the political circle, due to his eloquence
and fluency.
§ During the 1784 general election, Wilberforce
stood as the candidate for the county of Yorkshire. On April 6, 1784 he
returned to the House of Commons as the MP for Yorkshire.
§ In 1785, Wilberforce underwent a spiritual
conversion of sorts. He turned to evangelicalism and promised to dedicate his
life to the service of God. Unlike other evangelists, he resolved to remain
active socially and politically but with increased diligence and
conscientiousness. He professed education and social reform.
§ The period of 1780s marked the rise of the
antislavery committee. Rev James Ramsay, a surgeon and clergyman, through his
essay gave detailed, first-hand information regarding the life of slaves and
the ill treatment meted to them. Wilberforce, in 1786, became interested in
this humanitarian cause.
§ Before introducing the subject of abolition of
slave trade in Parliament, he equipped himself with wide information regarding
the subject. It was during this time that he befriended a Cambridge alumnus,
Thomas Clarkson, a friendship that was to last for nearly half a century.
§ Clarkson had a major influence on Wilberforce.
He provided the latter with first-hand evidence on slave trade in England.
Wilberforce was appalled by the working and living condition of slaves. On
March 1787, he agreed to bring forward the abolition of slave trade in the
parliament.
§ His involvement in the abolition movement
satiated both his spiritual and social calling. It gave him the ground to serve
God in public life and put an end to the unchristian trade that was being
practiced. He soon involved himself in two primary tasks: suppression of slave
trade and reformation of moral values.
§ On May 12, 1789, Wilberforce made his first
speech on the subject of abolition in the House of Commons. He zealously argued
the state of slaves and the appalling condition in which they were brought from
Africa. In his speech, he made 12 resolutions that condemned slave trade but
not slavery. His speech was rejected by the opposition who fiercely spoke
against the motion.
§ In 1791, Wilberforce successfully introduced
the first parliamentary Bill to abolish slave trade. However, it lost by 163 to
88 votes in the wake of French Revolution. The Bill marked the beginning of a
long-drawn campaign that stood strong, braving the test of time.
§ Along with Henry Thornton, he formed the
group, ‘The Saints’. The group was committed to oppose slavery and slave trade.
They opposed pro-slavery advocates and claimed that freed slaves and Africans
were capable of sustaining a well-ordered society.
§ In 1792, he became involved in the
establishment of the first free colony of the blacks from United Kingdom, Nova
Scotia and Jamaica, supporting them financially. Same year, he yet again
introduced an Abolition Bill.
§ With the outbreak of war with France,
abolition of slave trade became a secondary subject as parliament concentrated
on national crisis situation. Despite lack of interest, Wilberforce continued
to introduce abolition bills right through the 1790s.
§ The beginning of the 19th century marked a
renewed interest in abolition. In June 1804, Wilberforce yet again introduced a
Bill in the House of Common that was successfully passed. However, it failed
through the House of Lords.
§ In 1807, Lord Grenville, Prime Minister,
introduced Wilberforce’s Abolition Bill in the House of Lords. When the bill
was passed by a large margin, it was taken through the House of Commons where
the Bill was passed with 283 votes against 16. Finally on March 25, 1807, the
Abolition of the Slave Trade Act received Royal Assent.
§ Wilberforce was an ardent supporter of
education and believed that education was vital in alleviating poverty from the
society. He worked with the reformer, Hannah More to provide children with
regular education in reading, personal hygiene and religion.
§ He was closely involved with the Royal Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He encouraged Christian missionaries
to go to India. By 1812, his health deteriorated. He gave up his Yorkshire seat
and instead became an MP for rotten borough of Bramber.
§ Though the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act
was passed, it only put an end to slave trade. Wilberforce then committed
himself to put an end to slavery as such. He joined the Society for the
Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery and despite ill health, campaigned
vigorously.
§ In 1824, he finally resigned from his
parliamentary seat due to serious illness. Retired from political life, he
continued to fight for the abandonment of slavery. It was after much debate
that the Abolition of Slavery Bill was passed in the House of Commons on July
26, 1833.
§ After Wilberforce’s death in 1833, the Bill
was passed in the House of Lords, thus forming the Slavery Abolition Act that
came into full effect from August 1834.
Major Works
§ Wilberforce magnum opus of his life came as
the leader of the abolitionist movement who aimed at putting an end to slave
trade in Britain. A humanitarian reformer, he spent the better part of his life
working for the cause of abolition of slavery and slave trade. After decades of
campaigning, Wilberforce found success in 1807 when Abolition of the Slave
Trade Act was given a Royal Assent. His next success came just three days
before his death when Abolition of the Slavery Bill was passed in the House of
Commons.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ William Wilberforce married Barbara Ann
Spooner, an evangelical Christian on May 30, 1797. Throughout, their marriage,
the couple remained loyal and supportive of each other. They were blessed with
six children.
§ Wilberforce was weak as a child with poor
eyesight. His bad health troubled him all through his life. During the last
years, he became gravely ill. His eyesight was also failing.
§ In 1833, he suffered from a severe attack of
influenza from which he never recovered. Just three days after the Bill for
Abolition of Slavery was passed in the House of Commons, Wilberforce died on
July 29, 1833.
§ His life and works have been commemorated
worldwide. Statues, busts and plaques of him adorn different sites. Churches
within the Anglican Communion commemorated his work by introducing him in their
liturgical calendars. A university in Ohio is named after him. His house in
Hull has been converted into Britain’s first slavery museum.
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