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Robert Walpole
Sir Robert
Walpole was a British statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of Great
Britain. His tenure lasted for twenty years making him the longest serving
Prime Minister in British history, a record which he holds till date. Coming
from a politically active family, Walpole’s influence was such that his era of
dominance is fondly remembered as Robinocracy or Robinarchy. A Whig politician,
he first came into politics in 1701 as a member of the parliament. Soon, he
jumped up the ladder and took up many senior positions. It was under George I’s
reign that Walpole was first elected as the Prime Minister of Great Britain in
1721, a chair that he held until 1742. Under his premiership, Britain prospered
and shined. He helped establish peace by signing peace treatises, bettered
Britain financial situation by lowering taxes, prevented major financial crux
by reinstating government funds after South Sea Bubble collapse, pioneered
protectionist policies thus enabling import and export and treaded the mid path
by allowing tolerance for Protestant Dissenters. What gave him the edge over
other politicians of his day was his middle route. He avoided high-intensity
disputes in a jiffy by simply taking the mid path thus attracting moderates
from both the Whig and the Tories. All through his life, Walpole excelled at
establishing an effective working relationship between the Crown and the
Parliament which stood as a major example for future prime ministers to
follow
Childhood & Early Life
· Robert Walpole
was born on August 26, 1676, in Houghton, Norfolk, to Robert and Mary Walpole.
He was one of the nineteen children born to the couple. His father was a Whig
politician and member of the aristocracy.
· Robert Walpole
secured his preliminary education from a private school in Massingham.
Academically brilliant, he enrolled at Eton College in 1690. Later on, he
secured admission at King’s College Cambridge and matriculated from the same on
April 2, 1696.
· Walpole
originally planned to become a clergyman. However, following the death of his
two elder brothers, he became the eldest heir to his family estate. He gave up
on the idea of becoming a clergyman and instead helped his father in managing
the family estate.
Career
§ Following the
death of his father in 1700, Walpole succeeded to the family estate. In 1701,
he began his political career and became a member of the parliament for Castle
Rising. In 1702, he left Castle Rising to represent King’s Lynn.
§ Walpole’s
political career was marked by rapid progress. He became a member of the
Admiralty board and by 1708, was appointed as the Secretary of War. Briefly, he
served as the Treasurer of the Navy from 1710 to 1711.
§ The rise of the
Tories in the 1710 general election put a halt to Walpole’s political career.
He remained a loyal Whig politician and soon became the most outspoken member
of the opposition. In 1712, Walpole faced corruption charges and was imprisoned
for six months.
§ In 1713, he was
re-elected as MP for King’s Lynn. The death of Queen Anne and the subsequent
succession of George I in 1714 marked the end of Tories rule as well. Tories
opposed George I’s accession which led the Whig government to come to power.
§ Under the Whig
government, Walpole was appointed as the Privy Councillor and Paymaster of the
Forces. In 1715, he was made chairman of a secret committee formed to
investigate the actions of the previous Tory ministry.
§ In 1715, he ascended
late Lord Halifax as the First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the
Exchequer. In this position, Walpole introduced his sinking fund policy that
would ensure reduced national debts. During his reign as the Treasurer and
Chancellor, the cabinet was often divided between Lord Townshend and Walpole
against Lord Sunderland and Stanhope on most issues. With King George I
favouring Sunderland-Stanhope Ministry, Walpole and Lord Townshend remained
nothing but sidekicks.
§ Walpole
resigned from the cabinet and instead joined the opposition. He was favoured by
the Prince of Wales, who was at opposition with the King. He soon became an
advisor for Princess of Wales.
§ Walpole resumed
his political career in 1720, after reconciling the differences between the King
and Prince of Wales. He became a dominant figure in the House of Commons and
was extremely influential. Walpole’s influence led to the abandonment of the
Peerage Bill.
§ In 1720,
Walpole returned to serve the position of Paymaster of the Forces. However,
this acceptance of position made Walpole lose the favour of the Prince of
Wales.
§ At the time
when Walpole returned to the cabinet, Britain was engrossed in the South Sea
Bubble hullabaloo. Against the popular belief, the company soon collapsed,
causing major financial losses. Members of the cabinet including Stanhope and
Sunderland were held responsible for the same. Walpole saved both of them from
punishment and thus gained the nickname ‘The Screen’ and
‘Screenmaster-General’.
§ The death of
Stanhope and resignation of Sunderland in 1721 made Walpole the most
influential figure in the Cabinet. Same year, he was appointed First Lord of
the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons.
His appointment coincided with his term as the Prime Minister.
§ Under the
premiership of Walpole, the government tried to overcome the financial crises
following South Sea Bubble collapse. He steered the government towards
financial prosperity with his compensation schemes that helped alleviate the
sufferers.
§ On the
political front, Walpole’s foresightedness not just helped prevent Jacobite
rebellion under Francis Atterbury, but also prohibited the Tories from raising
any rebellion. He even piloted signing of the peace treaty with France and
Prussia. Walpole’s dominance prevailed as he consolidated Whig power.
§ Following the
death of King George I, Walpole’s premiership came under threat. However, on
Queen Caroline’s advice, wife of King George II, Walpole retained his position.
His dominance grew largely. He created the Anglo-Austrian alliance through the
Treaty of Vienna.
§ Walpole’s
supremacy and power irked people both in opposition as well as those within the
party. His policies were ceaselessly condemned by the periodical, ‘Craftsman’.
However, Walpole was hardly bothered by it.
§ He continued
with his effort to secure a bright and prosperous future for Britain. For the
same, he imposed low taxes on people and introduced a policy that avoided war.
He even influenced King George II from entering into the European conflict.
§ Walpole’s
introduction of excise tax on wine and tobacco on stocks at warehouse irked the
merchant class and led to a major opposition. The new proposal, though
originally planned to restore the depleting national revenue caused by smuggling,
created uproar. Adding fuel to fire was the increase in tax on gin. Though
Walpole’s popularity weakened, his majority at the House remained constant.
§ Walpole earned
the wrath of the literary figures when he persuaded the Parliament to pass the
Licensing Act of 1737 under which London theatres were regulated. However, he
rose above all.
§ Year 1737
marked the death of Queen Caroline. Though King George II shared a strong bond
with Walpole by then, Walpole sole supremacy in the government was hampered
strongly as Prince of Wales grew unreceptive of Walpole’s governance. The
Prince of Wales formed a faction, Patriot Boys that opposed Walpole’s
governance.
§ A military
conflict marked the downward fall of Walpole. Dispute occurred between Spain
and Great Britain over trade with West Indies. This led to the declaration of
the 1739 War of the Jenkins’ Ear. Though Walpole opposed the war, the King, MPs
and his own cabinet supported the same. His influence further suffered
following the poor results of the 1741 general election that made his position
unstable. He resigned from the government in 1742.
§ Following his
resignation, Walpole remained active politically. He assisted the Ministry in
the Lords, counselled the government on dealing with the patronage and even spoke
on Minister’s behalf in the Lords. He acted as the ‘Minister behind the
Curtain’, advising and influencing King George II.
Major Works
§ Walpole’s most
remarkable contribution came as the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1721
to 1742. He was the first and till date the longest serving Prime Minister of
the country. His two decades long tenure witnessed Britai’sn rise and shine. He
helped the country sail through the troubled financial phase following South
Sea Bubble collapse. He lowered tax, increased exports, established peace and
helped maintain an effective relationship between the Crown and the Parliament.
Awards & Achievements
§ On February 6,
1742, he was made 1st Earl of Orford by King George II.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ Walpole married
Catherine on July 30, 1700. The couple was blessed with two daughters and three
sons. Catherine died on August 20, 1737.
§ Before the
death of his first wife, Walpole became romantically involved with Maria
Skerrett. He married her by March 1738. The two had a daughter who following
their marriage became his legitimate child.
§ By 1744,
Walpole’s health rapidly deteriorated. He breathed his last on March 18, 1745.
He was buried in the parish church of his home estate in Houghton, Norfolk.
§ Following his
death, several streets, roads, towns have been named after him. He also has an
island named after him on the border between Ontario and Michigan.
§ The nursery rhyme,
‘Who killed Cock Robin’ is mostly attributed to the fall of Walpole as he was
popularly known by the nickname Cock Robin.
§ His house at 10
Downing Street was a gift from King George II. However, instead of using it as
a personal gift, Walpole turned it into an official residence. The house has,
since then, become the official residence of the Prime Minister of Britain.
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