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Johann Heinrich Lambert
Johann Heinrich
Lambert was a Swiss mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher. He
is especially well-known for being the first person to provide evidence that
‘Pi’ (ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter), is irrational,
which means it cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers. He was also
the one who introduced hyperbolic functions into trigonometry. Lambert is also
said to be the first mathematician who addressed the general properties of map
projection. His contribution to physics was also immense. The hygrometer, which
is an instrument to measure the moisture content in the atmosphere, was
invented by him. He also did research on the measurement of light, and
published a book on it named ‘Photometria.’ He is also remembered for his
contribution to philosophy. He corresponded with Immanuel Kent and though the
latter decided to dedicate his work ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ to Lambert, he
died before the work was complete. Lambert, as an astronomer, developed a
theory about the generation of the universe. It was similar to the nebular
hypothesis formed by Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant.
Childhood & Early Life
· Johann Heinrich
Lambert was born on 26 August 1728 in the city of Mulhouse in Switzerland,
(which is now in France). Though much is not known about his parents and his
family, it is known that his family was of humble background.
· Because of
financial pressures, Lambert had to give up formal education at an early age.
At the age of twelve, he started working as an assistant to his father, who was
a tailor. However, he studied in his free time, especially Latin and French.
· He then found a
job as a clerk and later as a secretary to the editor of a magazine ‘Basier
Zeitungh’ at the age of 20. During this time, he also focused on learning
humanities and sciences.
· Later, he
became a private tutor the children of Count Salis in Chur, a job which he
continued for nearly ten years. He taught subjects such as mathematics,
geography and history. Not only he helped the children with achieving academic
success, but could also satiate his own hunger for knowledge in their family
library.
· On 1756, he
began an expedition to Europe with his students. This gave him the opportunity
to meet established mathematicians in places like France, Italy, the
Netherlands, and Germany.
· He also
developed friendship with astronomer Tobias Mayer, a friendship that lasted
till his death. He also participated in the meetings of the Learned Society in
Gottingen, and managed to earn a membership as a corresponding member when he
left the city after the French occupation in July 1757.
Career
§ After his
return to Chur, Johann Lambert published his first book on cosmology. After
that, he hoped for a chair at the University of Gottingen. But since this hope
wasn’t fulfilled, he went to Zurich where he worked with Gessner, and soon
became a member of the city’s Physical Society. Soon, he published his next
book ‘Die freye Perspektive.’
§ Later, he met
the famous instrument maker Georg Friedrich Brander, with whom he corresponded
for twelve years. This correspondence also helped him to publish his next books
‘Photometria’ and ‘Cosmologische Briefe’.
§ Though Lambert
was later offered a position at the St. Petersburg Academy, he had actually
hoped for a position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He
eventually managed to get the desired post though initially the Academy had
delayed his appointment because of his strange appearance and behavior.
§ Later on, once
his talents were recognized, his salary was raised, and he was made a member of
the new economic commission of the Academy. He was also appointed into another
committee, through which he contributed to land surveying and building
administration, which led him to receiving the title of ‘Oberbaurat’ in 1770.
§ He remained a
member of the Academy for many years until he died at the age of 49. During
this time, not only he produced more than 150 works, but he was also the only
member of the academy to exercise the right to read papers not just in his own
class, but also in other classes as well.
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Major Works
§ In the field of
mathematics, Johann Lambert was the first to introduce hyperbolic functions
into trigonometry. He also made conjectures regarding non-Euclidean space. He
proved that “Pi” is irrational. He also solved goniometric equations by
infinite series as well as worked out a tetragonometry, which is a doctrine of
plane quadrangles, corresponding to the common trigonometry.
§ In the field of
map projection, he became the first to discuss the properties of conformality
and equal area preservation. He was also the one who pointed out that they were
mutually exclusive. He published seven new map projections in 1772, though he
didn’t give any names to any of them.
§ In the field of
physics, Lambert is credited with creating the first hygrometer. In his book
‘Photometria’ which was published in 1760, he made three important assumptions:
the illumination was proportional to the strength of the source, and inversely
proportional to the source of the distance of the illuminated surface and the
sine of the angle of inclination of the light’s direction to that of the
surface. Later, experiments were made involving the visual comparison of
illuminations which supported these assumptions. Lambert is credited with
formulating the law of light absorption as well.
§ In the field of
philosophy, he wrote and published his first work ‘New Organon’ in 1764, in
which he wrote about distinguishing subjective from objective appearances.
§ In the field of
astronomy, he developed a theory about the origin of the universe which was
similar to the nebular hypothesis theory developed by Thomas Wright and
Immanuel Kant. He published about it in his book ‘Cosmologische Briefe uber die
Einrichtung des Weltbaues.’
§ According to
the book, the stars near the sun are part of a group which travelled together
through the Milky Way, and there are many such groups scattered throughout the
galaxy. The efforts made by Lambert to improve communication and collaboration
in astronomy were also noteworthy.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ Johann Heinrich
Lambert never married and remained a bachelor throughout his life.
§ He passed away at the age of 49, on September 25, 1777. However, the exact cause of his departure is not known though some sources claim he died of tuberculosis.
§ He passed away at the age of 49, on September 25, 1777. However, the exact cause of his departure is not known though some sources claim he died of tuberculosis.
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