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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe was a key personality in the list of German writers and polymaths.
He is regarded as the supreme genius of modern German literature. His literary
works include epic as well as lyric poetry which he wrote in different styles,
dramas of diverse kinds as well as his autobiography. He also contributed to
botany and anatomy. Though he was quite conservative, as well as a devout
Christian, he firmly opposed many teachings of the Christian churches and said
that there were a lot of differences between Christian theology and the
teachings of Jesus Christ. Goethe was also deeply involved in politics. During
the French Revolution, he felt that the enthusiasm of the people was nothing
more than a perversion of their energy and refused to accept that the people
had the ability to govern themselves. He never wrote nationalistic poems though
he was requested to do so several times. He felt that doing so would only
incite hate between the German and the French, and he never hated the French.
Many well-known philosophers such as Friedrich Hegel, Carl Jung and Ludwig
Wittgenstein were inspired by the works of Goethe.
Childhood & Early Life
·
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born on 28 August 1749 to Johann
Caspar Goethe and Catharina Elisabeth Goethe in the city of Frankfurt. Although
he had several siblings, all of them except his sister Cornelia Frederica
Christiana died at a very early age.
·
He was given lessons by his father and private tutors in all
important subjects of that time. He was taught Latin, Greek, French, Italian,
English and Hebrew, and his training also included dancing, riding, as well as
fencing. From an early age, he had a strong liking for drawing and literature.
After he was fascinated by puppet shows, he developed an interest in theatre
too. He got acquainted with several Frankfurt actors as well.
·
In 1765, he started studying law at Leipzig University. Even
though he spent three years there, he developed an intense dislike for age-old
judicial rules.
·
Goethe returned to Frankfurt in 1768, where he fell severely
ill. Because of some reasons, his relationship with his father also became
bitter during this time. He was nursed back to health by his mother and sister.
After his recovery, he left Frankfurt with the intent of finishing his studies
in the University of Strasbourg.
·
Along with his legal studies, he also attended lectures in
history, political science, anatomy, surgery, and chemistry. He got acquainted
with Johann Gottfried Herder, a renowned philosopher and poet. They became
close friends and used to meet quite often for discussions.
Career
§ In 1770, Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe released his first collection of poems ‘Annette.’ However,
he chose to remain anonymous. In the following years, he wrote a lot of
literary works. However, he threw away almost all of them except for ‘Die
Mitschuldigen’, a comedy.
§ He was
impressed by ‘Auerlachs Keller’, one of the oldest restaurants in Germany. Its
legends of Faust’s 1525 barrel ride interested him so much that in his closet
drama ‘Faust Part One’, this restaurant was the only real place mentioned.
§ He acquired his
academic degree by the end of August 1771, and started a small legal practice
of his own. He also had a goal in mind, and that was to make the legal system
more humane. However, because of his inexperience he could not win his cases,
which eventually ended his career as a lawyer after just a few months.
§ Goethe,
however, was also pursuing his literary plans during this time and wrote
‘Goethe von Berlichingen.’ It represented his dislike for the established order
as well as his hope for a world with more intellectual freedom.
§ After the
success of his previous work, he wrote ‘The Sorrows of Young Werther’ a novel
based on his unrequited love for Charlotte Buff, who was the fiancée of one of
his friends. This work not only gave him a huge success, but also brought him
worldwide fame, at just the age of 25.
§ In 1775,
because of his success and fame, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was invited to the
court of Carl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach He was also granted Weimar
citizenship the following year. Weimar became the place where he spent most of
his life. He was also a great friend of the Duke, and assisted him in court
matters.
§ Later in 1786,
he left for Italy on a two-year long tour. This journey, which for him was like
a pilgrimage, contributed much to his philosophical development. He also met as
well as befriended renowned artists like Angelica Kauffman and Johann Heinrich.
He then wrote the non-fiction ‘Italian Journey’, which covers the first year of
his visit. This work, in the next few decades, became an inspiration for a lot
of other German youths to follow Goethe’s example.
§ In 1792, the
Battle of Valmy took place, where Goethe assisted the Duke against the failed
French invasion. After 1793, he decided to devote the rest of his life only to
literature.
§ His play
‘Faust’, a tragic play divided into two parts, published in 1808 and 1832 respectively,
is usually considered to be the greatest piece of work in German literature.
Major Works
§ Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe’s play ‘Faust’, which is regarded by many as one of the finest
pieces of work in German literature, can be considered the most significant
among all of his works. Divided into two parts, the first one focuses on the
soul of Faust, which has been sold to the devil, and the second one focuses on
social issues like psychology, history and politics.
§ ’Gotz von
Berlichingen’, one of Goethe’s early works, was based on the life of a
historical adventurer named Gotz von Berlichingen. It was a success, but
because of its large cast size and frequent scene changes, the play was
rearranged and cut many times, including two versions by Goethe himself.
§ ’The Sorrows of
Young Werther’, which is loosely based on his own life, is another significant
work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The story is about a young artist, and his
unrequited love for a girl who is engaged to be married to another man. This
novel, which became an instant success, put Goethe among the top international
celebrities.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe had a relationship with Christiane Vulpius for many years. Though
not married, the couple had several children including a son named Julius
August Walter von Goethe. After living together for several years, the couple
finally married in 1806.
§ After his
wife’s death in 1816, he fell in love with another woman named Ulrike von
Levetzow. However he never proposed to her.
§ Goethe breathed
his last in Weimar on 22 March 1832. He was buried in the Ducal Vault, at
Weimar’s Historical Cemetery.
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