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Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker,
known to jazz lovers as Yardbird or simply Bird, was an American jazz
saxophonist and composer, born in Kansas City to a musician father and a
charwoman mother. Interested in music from a young age, he started playing
baritone horn while still in his junior class. But when at the age of eleven,
he received his first saxophone, it became his favorite instrument. By that
time, his father had abandoned them, and soon taking advantage of his mother’s
night duties, the boy started frequenting clubs. At fifteen, he not only
abandoned school and joined the professional musical circuit, but also started
taking drugs. He never had any formal lessons in music but learned from
listening to others play, which was accompanied by intense practice and at the
same time, a will to experiment. Soon, he became well-known in jazz circuits
and working with others, invented ‘bebop’ style of jazz. Unfortunately, years
of substance abuse had its affect and Charlie died broken and pennyless at the
age of thirty-four. Today, he is remembered as one of the twentieth century’s
great musical innovators and father of bebop.
Childhood & Early Life
· Charlie Parker
was born as Charles Christopher Parker Jr. on August 29, 1920, in Kansas City
in the state of Kansas. His father, Charles Parker, was a pianist, dancer and
singer of African-American ancestry while his mother, Addie Parker, was a
charwoman of Native-American origin. Charlie was their only child.
· In 1927, when
he was seven years old, the family moved to Kansas City in the state of
Missouri. Here, Charlie began his education at a public school.
· Sometime around
1930-1931, Charles Parker abandoned his family and young Charlie was greatly
saddened by the incidence. By now, he had started playing baritone horn at the
school band. To cheer him up, his mother now bought him a saxophone.
· Later in
September 1934, his mother had him enrolled at the Lincoln High School.
However, by that time, he had become too engrossed in music to pay much
attention to his studies.
· While his
mother was away, working as a night cleaner, he began to visit the city’s
clubs, listening to Lester Young, his saxophone hero. Finally in December 1935,
he withdrew from school and joined the local musicians’ union. He was then
fifteen years old and already into drugs.
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Early Career
§ Very soon,
Charlie Parker began working at jam sessions with various city bands. Even
then, he was much too enthusiastic about improvising and very often, his
fingers could not cope with the ideas that flowed in at great speed, resulting
in great chaos.
§ In 1937, while
working at a jam session with Count Basie's Orchestra at Reno Club, he tried to
improvise but failed miserably, losing track of the chords. Enraged, drummer
Joe Jones threw a cymbal at his feet, asking him to leave.
§ Humiliated, he
started practicing earnestly for fifteen hours a day, mastering the
fundamentals and building up his techniques. Later in the same year, he joined
Buster Smith's band and imbibed much from him.
§ In 1938,
Charlie joined Jay McShann's big band and in 1939 toured New York and Chicago
with them. Once the tour ended, Charlie decided to stay back at New York.
In New York
City
§ In New York,
Charlie started his life as a dishwasher at Jimmie's Chicken Shack for nine
dollars a week. Art Tatum was a pianist there and Charlie listened to him
raptly, imbibing much from his music. Subsequently he started playing at
different jam sessions and dime dance halls.
§ Sometime now,
while working at a jam session with Biddy Fleet, he experienced a stylistic
breakthrough. He later said that. “By using the higher intervals of a chord as
a melody line and backing them with appropriately related changes I could play
the thing I’d been hearing. I came alive.
§ He remained in the
city for one year and then moved temporarily to Chicago before returning to New
York City. Some time now, he came to know that his father had died and
therefore, he went back Kansas City for his funeral, remaining there for five
months.
§ At Kansas, he rejoined
Jay McShann’s band and in 1941, made his debut record, the ‘Honeysuckle Rose’
with the orchestra. As the band performed in radio quite often, he also became
quite popular. It was during this time that he began to be known as ‘Yardbird’.
§ In 1942, he
recorded a few more pieces such as ‘Jumpin’ Blues’, ‘Lonely Boy Blues’ and
‘Sepian Bounce’ with the band. Concurrently, he also started playing at jam
sessions at Harlem, where he met Dizzy Gillespie.
§ Sometime in the
same year, Charlie was fired from McShann’s band due to the worsening of his
drug habit. In December, after a period of freelancing, he got a job at Earl
Hines’s band on Dizzy Gillespie’s recommendation and began working with him on
an eight-month gig.
§ Soon, together
with Dizzy Gillespie and some other musicians, he began experimenting with jazz
music at an after-hour club in Harlem. Later it led to creation of bebop.
§ In 1944, when
Billy Eckstine opened his own band, Charlie Parker joined him. Soon he was
followed by Dizzy Gillespie and the two musicians continued their experiments
with bebop music.
§ In 1945,
Charlie formed his own band and at the same time, continued collaborating with
Dizzy Gillespie. Also in the same year, he signed with Dial and made a series
of recordings with Kenneth Norville, better known as Red Norvo.
In Los Angeles
§ Towards the end
of 1945, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie embarked on a six weeks tour to
Hollywood and from 10 December 1945 to 4 February 1946 played at Billy Berg's.
It was during this tour that they were finally able to provide final touches to
their bebop music.
§ While this new
form of jazz created controversy, it had also had a large following.
Nonetheless, after the end of the tour, Charlie decided to stay back at Los
Angeles while Dizzy returned to New York.
§ By now, Charlie
Parker had become heavily addicted to heroin. As it was not easily available in
Los Angeles, he had also started taking alcohol. In the summer of 1946, he
collapsed from drug and alcohol abuse, resulting in six months confinement at T Camarillo
State Hospital.
Return To New
York
§ Charlie Parker
was released from the hospital in January 1947. Thereafter, he returned to New
York and formed a quintet with trumpeter Miles Davis, drummer Max Roach,
pianist Duke Jordan and Al Haig.
§ With this small
group, he started performing at a variety of venues in and around New York such
as Three Deuces and the Royal Roost and also gave a number of solo
performances. It was the beginning of a relatively stable period for him.
§ Later on, he
started touring major U.S. cities. Concurrently, he also resumed recording with
Dial though in 1948, he signed with Savoy Records, recording ‘Parker’s Mood’
and other numbers. Eventually he shifted to Mercury.
§ In May 1949, he
went on his debut European tour, attending the Paris International Jazz
Festival. Then on November 30, he recorded
an album of ballads with a mixed group of jazz and chamber orchestra musicians
and when the Birdland opened in December, he performed on the opening night.
§ Most of his
popular records were also made in 1949-50. Most popular among them were,
‘Relaxin’ at Camarillo’, ‘Night in Tunisia’, ‘Embraceable You’, ‘Donna Lee’,
‘Ornithology’ and ‘Parker’s Mood.
§ Meanwhile in
early 1950, he abandoned his quintet and started performing with a number of small
jazz groups. Later in the same year, he went on tour to Scandinavia and
recorded many memorable pieces like ‘Confirmation’, ‘Chi-Chi’ and ‘Bloomdido.
§ Some time now,
he also made several tours of Cuba, where he began experimenting with large
string sections and Afro-Cuban rhythms. It resulted in the recording of his
album, ‘South of the Border.’ Recorded in March 1951 and January 1952, it
contained his popular number ‘My Little Suede Shoes.
Last Years
§ In 1953,
Charlie joined Dizzy Gillespie, Max Roach, Charles Mingus, and Bud Powell for a
performance at Toronto’s Massey Hall. Unfortunately, from now on his addiction
began to get worse. It went to such an extent that he started fighting at the
back stage, even missing appointments.
§ Soon he began
to be considered unemployable and after he was arrested for possessing heroin,
he was banned from playing at nightclubs for a year. To make ends meet, he
started taking loans, even pawning his saxophone for drug money.
§ The cheap
alcohol he consumed began to take its toll on his mental and physical health.
In 1954, he was admitted twice to Belle vue psychiatric hospital. In
desperation, he also attempted suicide. However, he still retained his creative
edge and performed in many stage shows.
§ On March 4,
1955, he made his final appearance at Birdland. During the performance, he had
a tiff with Bud Powell, resulting in exchange of harsh words on stage.
Subsequently, he left the nightclub. This was his last show.
Major Works
§ Charlie Parker
is best remembered as the father of bebop, a modern form of jazz music. It is
the result of experiments he performed with trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie,
guitarist Charlie Christian, pianist Thelonious Monk and drummer Kenny Clarke
at an after-hour club in Harlem.
§ To create
bebop, they took the harmony of jazz, but had additional “substituted” chords
superimposed on it. Additionally, they broke up the metronomic regularity of
the drummer’s pulse and made other changes. Although initially rejected by
orthodox musicians and audience, later it became very popular.
Awards &
Achievements
§ In 1946,
Charlie Parker received the Down Beat New Star Award.
§ Later in 1955,
he was elected to Down Beat Hall of Fame.
§ In 1984, he was
posthumously honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Personal Life
& Legacy
§ On July 25,
1936, while he was still a teenager and already into drugs, Charlie Parker
married Rebecca Ruffin. They had two children; Francis and Leon. However, the
marriage did not last long. He divorced her in 1939 and moved to the New York
City.
§ Later on April
10, 1943, he married Geraldine Marguerite Scott, a dancer. But soon enough, a
rift appeared between then and he left her not long after they got married.
§ Next in 1948,
soon after his release from T Camarillo State Hospital at Los Angeles, Charlie
Parker married Doris Snydor. However, the marriage too fell apart within a
year. Many believe that his second stint with heroin was the result of this
break up.
§ In July 1950,
he began living with Chan Richardson, a model and dancer. Although they were
not officially married, she took his name and gave birth to two children; Pree
and Baird. He also adopted Chan’s daughter Kim.
§ Pree died in
1952. In grief, Charlie Parker clung more to drugs. Club owners now refused to
employ him. Out of job, he unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide twice in 1954
by swallowing iodine. Sometime now, he also developed an advanced case of
cirrhosis.
§ In 1955, while
he was visiting his friend and patroness Baroness Kathleen Annie Pannonica de
Koenigswarter at her suite in the Stanhope Hotel, New York City, he had a
sudden attack of ulcer. Alarmed, she persuaded him to stay back and he died
there on March 12, 1955.
§ Autopsy
indicated that he had died of lobar pneumonia as well as from long term
substance abuse. He was then thirty-four years old; but the coroner, who
performed the autopsy, mistakenly estimated his age to be between fifty and
sixty.
§ Although he
wanted to be buried in New York City, in accordance with his mother’s wishes,
his body was flown to Missouri, where he was buried at Lincoln Cemetery. In New
York, graffiti artists scrawled "Bird Lives!" on Harlem walls.
Indeed, his legacy lives on through his music.
Trivia
§ According to
hearsay, while driving on a tour with the band, Charlie hit a chicken
accidentally. Since chicken is a yard bird, he began to be called Yardbird,
which was later shortened to Bird. That he was free as a bird is believed to be
another reason why he is called so.
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