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Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Francisco
Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo, popularly known as Jorge Luis Borges, was a
renowned writer, essayist, and poet from Argentina. He is counted among one of
the greatest heroes of the country in the field of literature. Borges’s
imagination and innovative literary skills were commendable. After receiving
the first International Publishers' Prize, the Prix Formentor in 1961, he
grabbed the attention of many. Borges was fluent in speaking multiple
languages. His works are admired as the “character of unreality in all
literature”. Borges was greatly influenced by European culture and English
literature. He offered a noticeable contribution to the magical realism genre.
Also, critic Angel Flores who used this term for the first time, marked the
starting of this movement with Borges’s “Historia universal de la infamia.”
Some of the most appreciated works are “Ficciones” and “The Aleph”. These are
basically collection of short stories based on the themes like dreams,
labyrinths, libraries, fictional writers, religion and God.
Jorge Luis Borges Childhood & Early Life
Borges was born on August 24, 1899 in Buenos Aires, Argentina to
an educated middle-class family. The family lived in Palermo which was then a
city’s poorer suburb. Borges’s father, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam was part
Spanish, part Portuguese and half English lawyer and psychology teacher who
cherished literary aspirations. His mother, Leonor Acevedo Suárez, belonged
from a traditional Uruguayan family. Borges was also blessed with a younger
sister, Norah. Borges was brought up hearing the family’s faded glory. At
the tender age of nine, he translated “The Happy Prince” by Oscar Wilde to
Spanish which was published in a local journal. Borges received education at
home until the age of 11 in two languages. The family resided in a huge home
with an English library with more than one thousand volumes. As his father’s
eyesight was declining, senior Borges gave up practicing law. The family
shifted to Geneva, Switzerland in 1914 and spent the next 10 years in Europe
only. Young Borges attended school and learnt French, while his father was
being treated under eye specialist.
Borges began reading Scottish writer, Thomas Carlyle in English
and philosophy in German. When he was 18 years old in 1917, Borges befriended
Maurice Abramowicz, which marked the beginning of a literary friendship. He
received “baccalauréat” from the Collège de Genève in 1918. Because of the
ongoing political unrest in Argentine, the family of Borges decided to stay in
Switzerland only. After the World War I ended, the family spent three years
residing in a number of cities such as Lugano, Barcelona, Majorca, Seville, and
Madrid. During the same time, he discovered Arthur Schopenhauer and Gustav
Meyrink's “The Golem” which eventually influenced his works. In Spain, Borges
got highly impressed with and became a member of the avant-garde,
anti-Modernist Ultraist literary movement. In 1919, his first poem “Hymn to the
Sea" which was written in the style of Walt Whitman was published in the
magazine called Grecia. Also, he met several famous Spanish writers like Rafael
Cansinos Assens and Ramón Gómez de la Serna in Spain.
Early Writing Career
In 1921, Borges family came back toBuenos Aires. By this time,
he only had little formal education and no qualifications. He carried with him
the doctrine of Ultraism. He started his career by publishing surreal poems and
essays in literary journals. Borges’s first collection of poetry “Fervor de
Buenos Aires” was published in 1923. The work contributed to the avant-garde
review MartÃn Fierro. Borges also became one of the founders of the journal
“Prisma”, which was a broadsheet circulated mainly by pasting copies to walls
in Buenos Aires, and Proa. In the mid- 1930s, he commenced exploring existential
questions and fiction. According to Ana MarÃa Barrenechea, he had an
"irreality" work style. After his first issue, Borges became a
regular contributor to magazine called Sur (south) which was established by
Victoria Ocampo. Also as the magazine was one of the Argentina’s most crucial
and chief literary journals, it gave great popularity, fame and recognition to
Borges.
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He met another famous personality of Argentine literature Adolfo
Bioy Casares through Ocampo. With Adolfo, Broges wrote several works and some
under the nom de plume H. Bustos Domecq, which includes a parody detective
series and fantasy stories. During the same period, Macedonio Fernández, a
family friend extremely influenced Borges. Both of them would involve into
healthy discussions in cafes, country retreats, or Fernández' small apartment
in the Balvanera district, the example of which can be traced in the Borges’s
“Dialogue about a Dialogue”, in which the two discuss the ‘immortality of the
soul’. In 1933, Borges acquired an editorial appointment at the literary
supplement of the newspaper “Critica”. In this newspaper, he published the work
pieces which were later complied as the “Historia universal de la infamia.”
This book consisted of two types of writing, first set somewhere
between non-fictional essays and short stories, he actually used techniques of
fiction to recite true stories. The second type of writing contained literary
forgeries which he firstly passed off as translations of passages from popular
but hardly-read works. Borges worked as a literary advisor for the publishing
house “Emecé Editores” and also wrote weekly columns for El Hogar from
1936-1939. Next, Borges got to work as first assistant at the Buenos Aires
Municipal Library in Miguel Cané which was a working class area in 1938.
However, since there were very less number of books that categorizing over 100
books per day as he was told would leave lesser work for the rest of the staff,
he took an hour daily to accomplish the task given to him, and utilized the
rest of the time in the basement of the library, writing articles, short
stories and translations.
Later Career
The father of Borges passed away in 1938 which came as great
shock for Borges as he was quite close to his father. In the same year on
Christmas Eve, Borges went through a serious head wound during the treatment of
which he almost died of septicemia. During the time he was recovering form the
accident, Borges commenced trying a new writing style. His first poem after the
tragic accident was “Pierre Menard, Author of The Quixote” published in May
1939 in which he analyzed the father-son relationship and nature of authorship.
The first collection of Borges’s short stories was “El jardÃn de senderos que
se bifurcan”, published in 1941 which included a large number of works
previously appeared in Sur. The title story was based on a Chinese professor in
England, Dr. Yu Tsun who spied for Germany during the World War I in an effort
to prove to the authorities that an Asian was able to extract out information
that they sought. A mixture of book and maze, the work can be read in several
ways.
With this work of Borges, he questionably composed the hypertext
novel and headed towards describing a theory to the universe constructed on the
structure of such a novel. The book consisted of sixty pages covering eight
stories and was well received but “El jardÃn de senderos que se bifurcan” was
unsuccessful to acquire for him any literary prizes many in his circle
expected. Victoria Ocampo dedicated a huge portion of Sur’s July 1941 edition
to “Reparation for Borges”. With the course of time, Borges’s spirit of writing
started declining and as such, he chose to start a new career as a public
lecturer. Eventually, he gathered lots of publicity and acquired appointments
as President of the Argentine Society of Writers, and as Professor of English
and American Literature at the Argentine Association of English Culture. Also
his short story “Emma Zunz” was made into a film directed by the argentine
Leopoldo Torre Nilsson in 1954. By this time, Borges also began to write
screenplays.
By the 1950s, Borges had become entirely blind, much like his
predecessor, Paul Groussac. He also wrote an obituary for Paul. Next year,
Borges was awarded the National Prize for Literature by the University of Cuyo,
and the first of numerous honorary doctorates. From 1956-1970, he worked as a
literature professor at the University of Buenos Aires, simultaneously he held
temporary appointments at other universities too. As his eyesight was
increasingly fading away, he became dependent mostly on his mother’s help. When
Borges was unable to read and write his mother became his personal secretary.
In 1961, he received the first International Publishers' Prize “the Prix
Formentor”, which he shared with Samuel Beckett. The Italian government named
him as Commendatore and the University of Texas at Austin appointed Borges for
a year to the Tinker Chair for which he went on his first lecture tour in the
United States.
In 1962, New York presses published two major anthologies of
Borges. In the same year, Borges commenced lecture tours of Europe. In 1967,
Borges started a five-year period of collaboration with the American translator
Norman Thomas di Giovanni. This collaboration offered fame to Borges in the
English-speaking countries. Also, at the same time, he continued publishing
books. He also lectured abundantly and most of the lectures were accumulated in
volumes like “Siete noches” and “Nueve ensayos dantescos”.When “Perón” came
back from exile and was re-elected as a president in 1973, Borges instantly
resigned as director of the National Library. After the death of his mother, he
resided alone in a tiny apartment, cared for by Fanny, his housekeeper for many
decades. In 1980, he recieved Balzan Prize and several other honors over the
following years, such as the French Legion of Honour in 1983, the Cervantes
Prize, and a Special Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America,
“for distinguished contribution to the mystery genre”. From 1975 until his
death, he journeyed internationally, mostly accompanied by his personal
assistant, MarÃa Kodama.
Personal Life
Borges married a widowElsa Astete Millán in 1967. According to
his friends as his mother was getting older, she wanted to have somebody to
take care of his blind son. The marriage broke up in less than three years and
after the legal separation, Borges went back to his mother. In April 1986, just
some months before his death he married his assistant Maria via an attorney in
Paraguay.
Death
Borges died onJune 14, 1986 of liver cancer in Geneva and was
interred in the Cimetière des Rois.
Posthumously
After years of legal fight over the legality of the marriage,
Maria, as an only inheritor of a considerable annual income, acquired control
over Borges works. Her administration of Borges’s heritage was attacked by the
French publisher Gallimard, by Le Nouvel Observateur, and by intellectuals like
Beatriz Sarlo, as a barrier to the serious reading of Borges’s works. Under
Maria, the Borges estate abolished all publishing rights for the existing
collection of his works in English, also including the translations by Norman
Thomas di Giovanni, in which Borges himself co-operated. The estate employed
new translations by Andrew Hurley.
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