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Edward Teller
Edward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who was born in Hungary, and is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he claimed he did not care for the
title. He made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (in particular the Jahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. His extension of Enrico Fermi's theory of beta decay, in the form of Gamow–Teller transitions, provided an important stepping
stone in its application, while the Jahn–Teller effect and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory have retained their original formulation and are still
mainstays in physics and chemistry. Teller also made contributions
to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor of density functional theory, a
standard modern tool in the quantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, along
with Nicholas Metropolis, Arianna Rosenbluth, Marshall Rosenbluth, and Augusta Teller, Teller co-authored a paper which is a standard starting
point for the applications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics. Throughout his life, Teller
was known both for his scientific ability and his difficult interpersonal
relations and volatile personality.
Childhood & Early
Life
·
Ede Teller was born on January 15,
1908, in Budapest, Hungary (then part of Austria-Hungary), into a Jewish family. His parents were
Ilona (born Deutsch), a pianist, and Max Teller, an attorney. He later
became an agnostic. "Religion was not an issue in my family", he
later wrote, "indeed, it was never discussed. My only religious training
came because the Minta required that all students take classes in their
respective religions. My family celebrated one holiday, the Day of Atonement,
when we all fasted. Yet my father said prayers for his parents on Saturdays and
on all the Jewish holidays. The idea of God that I absorbed was that it would
be wonderful if He existed: We needed Him desperately but had not seen Him in
many thousands of years”.
·
Like Einstein and Feynman, Teller was a late talker. He developed the ability to speak later than most children
but became very interested in numbers, and would calculate large numbers in his
head for fun.
·
Teller left Hungary in 1926,
partly due to the discriminatory numerus
clausus rule under Miklós Horthy's regime. The political climate and revolutions in Hungary during his youth instilled a lingering animosity for
both Communism and Fascism in Teller. When he was a young student, his right
foot was severed in a streetcar accident in Munich, requiring him to wear a prosthetic foot, and leaving him with a
lifelong limp. Werner Heisenberg said that it was the hardiness of Teller's spirit,
rather than stoicism, that allowed him to cope so well with the accident.
·
Teller graduated in chemical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe, and received his Ph.D. in physics under Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. Teller's dissertation dealt with one of the first accurate quantum mechanical treatments of the hydrogen molecular ion. In 1930 he befriended Russian
physicists George Gamow and Lev Landau. Teller's lifelong friendship with a Czech physicist, George Placzek, was also very important for his scientific and
philosophical development. It was Placzek who arranged a summer stay in Rome with Enrico Fermi in 1932, thus orienting Teller's scientific career in
nuclear physics.
Career
·
In 1942, Teller was invited to be
part of Robert Oppenheimer's summer planning seminar, at
the University of California, Berkeley for the origins of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to develop the
first nuclear weapons. A few weeks earlier, Teller had been meeting with his
friend and colleague Enrico Fermi about the prospects of atomic warfare, and Fermi had nonchalantly suggested that perhaps a weapon
based on nuclear fission could be used to set off an even larger nuclear fusion reaction.
·
Even though he initially explained
to Fermi why he thought the idea would not work, Teller was fascinated by the
possibility and was quickly bored with the idea of "just" an atomic
bomb even though this was not yet anywhere near completion. At the Berkeley
session, Teller diverted discussion from the fission weapon to the possibility
of a fusion weapon—what he called the "Super", an early concept of
what was later to be known as a hydrogen bomb.
·
Teller became part of the
Theoretical (T) Division. He was given a secret identity of Ed Tilden. He
was irked at being passed over as its head; the job was instead given to Hans Bethe. Oppenheimer had him investigate unusual approaches to
building fission weapons, such as autocatalysis, in which the efficiency of the bomb would increase as
the nuclear chain reaction progressed, but proved to be
impractical.
·
He also investigated using uranium hydride instead of uranium metal, but its efficiency turned out
to be "negligible or less". He continued to push his ideas for a
fusion weapon even though it had been put on a low priority during the war (as
the creation of a fission weapon proved to be difficult enough). On a visit to
New York, he asked Maria Goeppert-Mayer to carry out calculations on
the Super for him. She confirmed Teller's own results: the Super was not going
to work.
·
A special group was established
under Teller in March 1944 to investigate the mathematics of an implosion-type nuclear weapon. It too ran into difficulties. Because of his interest
in the Super, Teller did not work as hard on the implosion calculations as
Bethe wanted. These too were originally low-priority tasks, but the discovery
of spontaneous fission in plutonium by Emilio Segrè's group gave the Super increased importance. In June 1944,
at Bethe's request, Oppenheimer moved Teller out of T Division, and placed him
in charge of a special group responsible for the Super, reporting directly to
Oppenheimer. He was replaced by Rudolf Peierls from the British Mission, who in turn brought in Klaus Fuchs, who was later revealed to be
a Soviet spy.
·
Teller made valuable contributions
to bomb research, especially in the elucidation of the implosion mechanism. He
was the first to propose the solid pit design that was eventually
successful. This design became known as a "Christy pit", after the physicist Robert F. Christy who made the pit a reality. Teller was one of the
few scientists to actually watch (with eye protection) the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, rather than
follow orders to lie on the ground with backs turned. He later said that the
atomic flash "was as if I had pulled open the curtain in a dark room and
broad daylight streamed in”.
·
In the days before and after the
first demonstration of a nuclear weapon, the Trinity test in July 1945, his fellow Hungarian Leo Szilard circulated the Szilard petition, which argued that a demonstration to the Japanese of the new weapon should occur prior to actual use on Japan, and with that hopefully the weapons would never be used on
people. In response to Szilard's petition, Teller consulted his friend Robert
Oppenheimer. Teller believed that Oppenheimer was a natural leader and could
help him with such a formidable political problem. Oppenheimer reassured Teller
that the nation's fate should be left to the sensible politicians in
Washington. Bolstered by Oppenheimer's influence, he decided to not sign the
petition.
·
During the Manhattan Project,
Teller advocated the development of a bomb using uranium hydride, which many of
his fellow theorists said would be unlikely to work. At Livermore, Teller
continued work on the hydride bomb, and the result was a dud. Ulam once wrote
to a colleague about an idea he had shared with Teller: "Edward is full of
enthusiasm about these possibilities; this is perhaps an indication they will
not work." Fermi once said that Teller was the only monomaniac he knew who had several manias.
·
After the Oppenheimer controversy,
Teller became ostracized by much of the scientific community, but was still
quite welcome in the government and military science circles. Along with his
traditional advocacy for nuclear energy development, a strong nuclear arsenal,
and a vigorous nuclear testing program, he had helped to develop nuclear reactor safety standards as the chair of the Reactor Safeguard Committee of the AEC in the late 1940s, and in the late
1950s headed an effort at General Atomics which designed research reactors in which a nuclear meltdown would be impossible. The TRIGA (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomic) has been built and
used in hundreds of hospitals and universities worldwide for medical isotope production and research.
·
Teller promoted increased defense
spending to counter the perceived Soviet missile threat. He was a signatory to
the 1958 report by the military sub-panel of the Rockefeller
Brothersfunded Special Studies Project, which called for a $3 billion
annual increase in America's military budget.
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Awards and Honours
·
In 1986, he was awarded the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award. He was elected a member of
the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1948.
·
He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and the American Nuclear Society.
·
Among the honors he received were
the Albert Einstein Award in 1958, the Enrico Fermi Award in 1962, the Eringen Medal in 1980, the Harvey Prize in 1975, the National Medal of Science in
1983, the Presidential Citizens Medal in
1989, and the Corvin Chainhu in 2001.
·
He was also named as part of the
group of "U.S. Scientists" who were Time magazine's People of the Year in 1960, and an asteroid, 5006 Teller, is named after him.
·
He was awarded with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush in 2003, less than two months before his death.
Personal Life &
Legacy
· In February 1934, he married his
long-time girlfriend Augusta Maria "Mici" (pronounced
"Mitzi") Harkanyi, the sister of a friend. He returned to
England in September 1934.
· Teller died in Stanford, California on September 9, 2003, at the
age of 95. He had suffered a stroke two days previous, and had long been
suffering from a number of conditions related to his advanced age.
· A wish for his 100th birthday,
made around the time of his 90th, was for Lawrence Livermore's scientists to
give him "excellent predictions-calculations and experiments-about the
interiors of the planets".
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