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James Watson
James
Dewey Watson (born
April 6, 1928) is an American molecular
biologist, geneticist and zoologist, best known as one of the
co-discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis
Crick and Rosalind
Franklin.
Watson, Crick, and Maurice
Wilkins were
awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine "for
their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic
acids and
its significance for information transfer in living material".
Childhood & Early Life
· James D. Watson was born
in Chicago,
Illinois,
on April 6, 1928, as the only son of Jean (Mitchell) and James D. Watson, a businessman
descended mostly from colonial English immigrants to America.
· His mother's father,
Lauchlin Mitchell, a tailor, was from Glasgow, Scotland, and her mother, Lizzie
Gleason, was the child of Irish parents from Tipperary.[18] Raised Catholic, he later described himself
as "an escapee from the Catholic religion."[19] Watson said, "The
luckiest thing that ever happened to me was that my father didn't believe in
God.”
· Watson grew up on the south
side of Chicago and attended public schools, including Horace Mann Grammar
School and South Shore High
School.[16][21] He was fascinated with
bird watching, a hobby shared with his father,[22] so he considered
majoring in ornithology.[23] Watson appeared
on Quiz Kids, a popular radio show
that challenged bright youngsters to answer questions.[24] Thanks to the liberal
policy of University president Robert
Hutchins,
he enrolled at the University of Chicago, where he was awarded a
tuition scholarship, at the age of 15.
· After reading Erwin Schrödinger's book What Is Life? in 1946, Watson
changed his professional ambitions from the study of ornithology to genetics.[26] Watson earned his BS
degree in Zoology from the University of
Chicago in 1947.[23] In his
autobiography, Avoid Boring
People, Watson described the University of Chicago as an "idyllic
academic institution where he was instilled with the capacity for critical
thought and an ethical compulsion not to suffer fools who impeded his search
for truth", in contrast to his description of later experiences.
· In 1947 Watson left the
University of Chicago to become a graduate student at Indiana University, attracted by the presence
at Bloomington of the 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann Joseph Muller, who in crucial papers
published in 1922, 1929, and in the 1930s had laid out all the basic properties
of the heredity molecule that Schrödinger presented in his 1944 book.[27] He received his PhD
degree from Indiana University in 1950; Salvador
Luriawas
his doctoral advisor.
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Career
· Originally, Watson was drawn
into molecular biology by the work of Salvador Luria. Luria eventually shared
the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the Luria–Delbrück experiment, which concerned the nature
of genetic mutations. He was part of a
distributed group of researchers who were making use of the viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages. He and Max
Delbrück were
among the leaders of this new "Phage
Group,"
an important movement of geneticists from experimental systems such as Drosophila towards microbial genetics. Early in 1948, Watson
began his PhD research in Luria's laboratory at Indiana University.[28] That spring, he met
Delbrück first in Luria's apartment and again that summer during Watson's first
trip to the Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory (CSHL).
· In 1949, Watson took a
course with Felix Haurowitz that included the conventional view of that time:
that genes were proteins and able to replicate
themselves.
· The other major molecular
component of chromosomes, DNA, was widely considered
to be a "stupid tetranucleotide," serving only a structural role to
support the proteins.[32] However, even at this
early time, Watson, under the influence of the Phage Group, was aware of
the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty
experiment,
which suggested that DNA was the genetic molecule. Watson's research project
involved using X-rays to inactivate
bacterial viruses.
· The experiments, which
Watson had learned of during the previous summer's Cold Spring Harbor phage
conference, included the use of radioactive phosphate as a tracer to determine
which molecular components of phage particles actually infect the target
bacteria during viral infection.
· In 1951, the chemist Linus
Pauling in California published his model of
the amino acid alpha
helix,
a result that grew out of Pauling's efforts in X-ray crystallography and molecular model
building.
Major Work
· In mid-March 1953, using, in
part, experimental data collected mainly by Rosalind
Franklin and
also by Maurice
Wilkins,
Watson and Crick deduced the double
helix structure
of DNA.[16][41] Sir Lawrence
Bragg,[42] the director of
the Cavendish Laboratory (where Watson and
Crick worked), made the original announcement of the discovery at a Solvay
conference on proteins in Belgium on April 8,
1953; it went unreported by the press. Watson and Crick submitted a paper
entitled Molecular
Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid to the scientific
journal Nature, which was published on April 25, 1953.
· In 1968, Watson wrote The Double Helix,[51] listed by the Board of
the Modern
Library as
number seven in their list of 100 Best Nonfictionbooks.[52] The book details the
sometimes painful story of not only the discovery of the structure of DNA, but
also the personalities, conflicts and controversy surrounding their work.
Watson's original title was to have been "Honest Jim", in that the
book recounts the discovery of the double helix from his point of view and
included many of his private emotional impressions at the time. Some
controversy surrounded the publication of the book. Watson's book was
originally to be published by the Harvard University Press, but Francis Crick and
Maurice Wilkins objected, among others. Watson's home university dropped the
project and the book was commercially published.
· In 1968, Watson became the
Director of the Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory (CSHL).
Between 1970 and 1972, the Watsons' two sons were born, and by 1974, the young
family made Cold Spring Harbor their permanent residence. Watson served as the
laboratory's director and president for about 35 years, and later he assumed
the role of chancellor and then Chancellor Emeritus.
Awards and Honours
·
Charles A. Dana
Award, 1994
·
CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree, 2008
·
Fellow of the New
York Academy of Sciences
·
Heald Award
·
Hope Funds for
Cancer Research: James D. Watson Award of Excellence for Scientific Achievement
(2014)
·
John Collins
Warren Prize of the Massachusetts General Hospital
·
Kaul Foundation
Award for Excellence
·
Mendel Medal, 2008
·
National
Biotechnology Venture Award
·
New York Academy
of Medicine Award, 1999
·
Research
Corporation Prize
·
University of
Chicago Alumni Medal, 1998
·
University College
London Prize, 2000
·
University Medal
at SUNY Stony Brook
Personal Life & Legacy
· It was discovered in
2014that Watson's genome, as sequenced and released to the public in 2008,
contains traces of the HIV-1 retrovirus, indicating that he may be HIV
positive. However, there does remain the possibility of laboratory
cross-contamination.
· Watson married Elizabeth
Lewis in 1968. They have two sons, Rufus Robert Watson (b. 1970) and
Duncan James Watson (b. 1972). Watson sometimes talks about his son Rufus, who
suffers from schizophrenia. He wants to encourage
progress in the understanding and treatment of mental illness by determining
how genetics contribute to it.
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