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Mulk Raj Anand (12 December 1905 – 28
September 2004) was an Indian writer in English, notable for his depiction of
the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society. One of the pioneers
of Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain
an international readership. Anand is admired for his novels and short stories,
which have acquired the status of being classic works of modern Indian English
literature, noted for their perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed
and their analyses of impoverishment, exploitation and misfortune. He is also
notable for being among the first writers to incorporate Punjabi and Hindustaniidioms into English and was a
recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Born
in Peshawar, Anand studied at Khalsa College, Amritsar, graduating with honours in 1924, before
moving to England, where he attended University College London as an undergraduate and later Cambridge University, earning a PhD in Philosophy in 1929. During this
time he forged friendships with members of the Bloomsbury
Group. He spent
some time in Geneva, lecturing at the League of
Nations' School of
Intellectual Cooperation.
·
Anand
met an English actress, Kathleen Gelder, whom he married in 1939. They had a
daughter, Sushila. In 1948, they divorced.
Career
·
Anand's
literary career was launched by family tragedy, instigated by the rigidity of
the caste system. His first prose essay was a response to the
suicide of an aunt, who had been excommunicated by her family for sharing a
meal with a Muslim woman. His first main novel, Untouchable, published in 1935, was a chilling expose of the
day-to-day life of a member of India's untouchable caste. It is the story of a single day in the
life of Bakha, a toilet-cleaner, who accidentally bumps into a member of a
higher caste.
·
Bakha
searches for salve to the tragedy of the destiny into which he was born, talking
with a Christian missionary, listening to a speech about untouchability
by Mahatma Gandhi and a subsequent conversation by two educated
Indians, but by the end of the book Anand suggests that it is technology, in
the form of the newly introduced flush toilet that may be his savior by
eliminating the need for a caste of toilet cleaners.
·
This
simple book, which captured the puissance of the Punjabi and Hindi idiom in English was widely acclaimed and Anand
won the reputation of being India's Charles
Dickens. The
introduction was written by his friend, E. M. Forster, whom he met while working on T. S. Eliot's magazine Criterion. Forster writes: "Avoiding rhetoric and
circumlocution, it has gone straight to the heart of its subject and purified
it."
·
Inevitably, Anand, who in the 1930s and '40s spent half his
time in London and half in India, was drawn to the Indian independence
movement. During his time in London, he wrote propaganda on behalf of the Indian
cause alongside India's future Defence Minister V. K. Krishna Menon, while trying to make a living as
a novelist and journalist. At the same time, he also supported freedom
elsewhere around the globe and even travelled to Spain to volunteer in
the Spanish Civil War, even though his role in the
conflict was more journalistic than military.
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Major
Works
·
His
contribution to the conference of the IPO in Innsbruck(Austria) in 1974 had a special influence on
debates that later became known under the phrase of "Dialogue Among Civilizations". Anand also delivered a series of lectures
on eminent Indians including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal
Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore, commemorating their achievements and significance
and paying special attention to their distinct brands of humanism.
·
His
1953 novel The Private Life of an Indian Prince was more
autobiographical in nature. In 1950 Anand embarked on a project to write a
seven-part autobiography, beginning in 1951 with Seven Summers. One
part, Morning Face (1968), won him the Sahitya Akademi Award. Like much of his later work, it contains
elements of his spiritual journey as he struggles to attain a higher sense of
self-awareness.
Personal
Life & Legacy
· Anand,
who was associated with Communism, used his novels to make broad attacks on
various elements of India's social structure and on British rule in India; they
are considered important for their social statement.
· Anand
married Shirin Vajifdar, a
classical dancer.
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