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Jayalalithaa
Jayaram Jayalalithaa (born Komalavalli,
24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian actor and politician who
served six terms as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for
over fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 1989 she was the general
secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), a Dravidian partywhose cadre revered her as their Amma(mother), Puratchi
Thalaivi (revolutionary leader) and Thanga Tharagai (golden
maiden). Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering
a personality cult, and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators
and ministers who often publicly prostrated themselves before her.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Jayalalithaa was born on 24
February 1948 at Melukote, Pandavapura taluka, Mandyadistrict, then in Mysore State (now Karnataka) to Jayaram and Vedavalli in a Tamil Brahmin (Iyengar) family. Jayalalitha was given her grandmother's name
Komalavalli at the time of birth. The name Jayalalitha was adopted at the age
of one for the purpose of using the name in school and colleges. It was derived
from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya
Vilas" and the other "Lalitha Vilas".
·
Her paternal grandfather,
Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the Mysore kingdom as a surgeon, and served as the court physician to
Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV of Mysore. Her maternal
grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from Srirangam to work with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. He had one son and three daughters – Ambujavalli, Vedavalli
and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was given in marriage to Narasimhan Rengachary's son,
Jayaram. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a
daughter, Jayalalitha. Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and
friends referred her as Ammu.
·
Her brother's wedding took place
at her home in Poes Gardens in 1972. Her brother Jayakumar, his wife
Vijayalakshmi and their daughter Deepa Jayakumar lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalitha till 1978 and
then moved to T.Nagar Chennai at the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam' which was bought
by mother of Jayalalitha. Her brother was unhappy with adoption of Sudhakaran,
a relative of Sasikala, as foster son of Jayalalitha. Jayalalithaa had adopted
Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996. Her brother
died in 1995 of heart attack.
Career
·
In Chennai, Jayalalitha was
trained in Carnatic music, western classical piano and various forms of classical
dance, including Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Mohiniyattam, Manipuri Kathak. She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under
K.J.Sarasa.She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru Dr. Vempati
Chinna Satyam. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance
performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960. The Chief
Guest at the Arangetram was Shivaji Ganesan, who expressed wish that Jayalalitha becomes a film star in
future.
·
Sandhya had acted in the 1964
Tamil film Karnan, produced and directed by Kannada film-maker B. R. Panthulu.
Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was
spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite Kalyankumar in the
Kannada movie Chinnada Gombe. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in
order not to interfere with her education. Since Jayalalitha would be studying
for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.
·
She had 11 successful releases in
Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of Arasa Katalai, for the
first time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni. In 1967
she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for ₹1.32 lakh (equivalent to ₹49 lakh or US$77,000 in
2016).
·
Jayalalithaa won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress for Thanga Gopuram in 1971, Raman Thediya Seethai in
1972, Suryagandhi in 1973, Thirumangalyam in 1974, Yarukkum Vetkam Illai in
1975.
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Major
Works
·
Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a
leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession
reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa
worked prolifically. She appeared in 140 filmsbetween
1961 and 1980, primarily in the Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages.
·
Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as
an actor and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "queen of Tamil
cinema".[4] Among her
frequent co-stars was M. G.
Ramachandran, or MGR, a Tamil cultural icon who
leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political
career.
·
In 1982,
when MGR was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he
founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK
propaganda secretary and was elected to the Rajya Sabha,
the upper house of India's
Parliament. After MGR's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa
proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed
by Janaki
Ramachandran, MGR's widow, emerged as the sole leader of the
AIADMK. Following the 1989 election, she became Leader of the Opposition to the DMK-led
government headed by Karunanidhi,
her bête noire.
·
In 1991 Jayalalithaa became chief minister, Tamil
Nadu's youngest, for the first time. She earned a reputation for a punishing
work ethic and for centralising state power among a coterie of bureaucrats;
her council of ministers, whom she often shuffled around, were largely
ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers
to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time.
·
Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month,
Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish
wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the 1996 election, the AIADMK was nearly wiped out at the hustings;
Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new Karunanidhi government filed
several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her
fortunes revived in the 1998 general election, as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime
Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee's 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support
toppled it and triggered another general electionjust a year later.
·
The AIADMK returned to power in 2001, although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred
from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking
oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding
office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist O. Panneerselvam.
Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to
complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of
whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular.
·
Another period (2006–11) in the opposition
followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth
time after the AIADMK swept the 2011 assembly election. Her government received attention for its
extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised
"Amma"-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water and salt. Three
years into her tenure, she was convicted in a disproportionate-assets case,
rendering her disqualified to hold office.
·
She returned
as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the 2016 assembly election, she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister
since MGR in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell
severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016
due to cardiac arrest.
·
Jayalalithaa denied claims that
MGR, who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in
introducing her to politics. In 1982, she joined the AIADMK, which was
founded by MGR.
Personal
Life & Legacy
· In 1972, Jayalalithaa was awarded the Kalaimamani by the Government of Tamil Nadu. She has received several honorary doctorates and
other honours, beginning with an award from the University of Madras in 1991.
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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