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Bessie Smith
Known as the
‘Empress of Blues’, Bessie Smith was one of the strongest blues vocalists in
1920s and 1930s. Bessie lost both her parents at a tender age and was taken
care of by her elder sister. To fend for the family, Bessie and her brother
started performing on the street. With the initiation of her elder brother who
was part of a travelling troupe, Bessie got an audition and was hired as
dancer, because the troupe already had the famous singer Ma Rainey. She worked
hard for the next few years performing in chorus lines, and shows. Later, she
signed a contract with Columbia and started her recording career. Bessie went
on to become the highest-paid coloured entertainer and performed before large
audience with some of the most famous jazz and blues artists like Fletcher
Henderson and James Johnson. As a classic Blues singer, Bessie brought her
heart and soul to music. This is probably the reason that she outshone others
who recorded the same number. Bessie sung many of Ma Rainey’s numbers and her
audience were picky as they always waited for Bessie’s tracks which were
sincere and full of gusto. She had a brief encounter with the world of Broadway
and films but the Great Depression combined with her personal problems cut
short her fame
Childhood & Early Life
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· On 15th April,
1894, Bessie was born in Chattanooga in Tennessee. She was among the seven
children of William and Laura Smith. William earned his livings as a labourer
and a part-time preacher. Bessie lost his parents at a tender age, and she was
taken care of by Viola, her elder sister.
· To combat
financial crunch, Bessie and her brother Andrew started performing on streets.
Bessie’s older brother Clarence who was part of a travelling troupe decided to
take her to an audition for the troupe recognising her singing talent.
· Bessie was
taken as a dancer, as the troupe already had an established singer Ma Rainey.
Ma Rainey worked as a mentor for young Bessie and she stayed with the troupe
till 1915.
· During the next
few years, Bessie gradually moved to chorus lines and performed for ‘81
Theatre’ in Atlanta. She also worked in T.O.B.A or ‘Theatre Owner’s Booking
Association’ shows which was a group owned by black people.
Career
§ During the
early phase of 1920s Bessie was staying in Philadelphia and she was approached
by ‘Columbia Records’, who discovered Bessie’s amazing talent in singing.
§ In her first
album, she sang a track known as ‘Downhearted Blues’ which instantly became
famous and sold an approximate of 800,000 copies.
§ The
chartbuster’s popularity made Bessie one of the most important names in Blues
circuit. During this period, she recorded with some of the famous names in
Blues like Don Redman, Fletcher Henderson, Coleman Hawkins, Louis Armstrong and
James P. Johnson.
§ From 1923 to
1937 Bessie was a part of some of the most famous albums. One of her best
renditions during this time was the ‘St. Louis Blues’ with Louis Armstrong.
Some of the other famous tunes recorded in collaboration with Armstrong are ‘I
Ain’t Gonna Play No Second Fiddle’ and ‘Cold in Hand Blues’.
§ In 1929, Bessie
was part of the short film ‘St. Louis Blues’ and she sang the title track with
Fletcher Henderson’s orchestra. James P Johnson’s piano piece and the Hall
Johnson Choir were also a part of the composition.
§ By the end of
the decade, Bessie was considered as the highest-paid coloured entertainer, and
she constantly travelled for shows in South and North of America.
§ In 1933, John
Hammond arranged for a recording session for ‘Okeh’ with Bessie keeping in mind
the growing demand of jazz music among the European audience. Among many, it
also featured Benny Goodman and Jack Teagarden.
§ With the Great
Depression, Bessie was no longer recording with Columbia. It is said that the
financial damage combined with the decreasing interest in classic blues led the
recording company to drop Bessie from their roster. However, she was still very
popular in South and her shows drew huge audience.
Major Works
§ ‘Downhearted
Blues’ is undoubtedly one of the most famous tracks of Bessie and in 2002 it
was selected for inclusion in the ‘Library of Congress National Recording
Registry’. This track is also a part of selection of songs listed under ‘Songs
of the Century’. And the number is included among 500 songs in the ‘Rock and
Roll Hall of Fame’.
Awards & Achievements
§ A number of
recordings of this talented singer have been included in the Grammy Hall of
Fame. This is a special Grammy Award given to those recordings which are at
least 25 years old are known to have ‘qualitative or historical significance’.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ In 1923, she
married Jack Gee. The marriage was turbulent with both Bessie and Jack being
infidels in their marriage. Jack kept questionable company and was shot several
times.
§ Gee loved the
money, but could not handle the ways of show business. He was could not come in
terms with Bessie’s bisexuality and their relationship ended after Gee came to
know about Bessie’s affair with Gertrude Saunders.
§ Later Bessie
married Richard Morgan who was also a friend and they stayed together till her
death.
§ On 26th of
September in the year in 1937, Smith was travelling with Richard for a
show in Memphis, when she met a terrible accident and was badly injured. While
in hospital she succumbed to her injuries.
§ A reported
rumour was that she was taken to a white’s hospital which refused her and she
bled to death. Sadly, just before her death, she was scheduled for another
recording session.
§ Bessie has
served as a fine influence for many younger singers like Janis Joplin, Billie
Holiday and Aretha Franklin. An HBO film featuring Queen Latifah showcased the
story of her life.
Trivia
§ As Bessie was
constantly travelling with her troupes, on insistence of her brother Clarence,
she travelled in a custom railroad car so that she could stay and sleep in it.
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