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Omar Torrijos
Omar Torrijos
was a famous military ruler and dictator of the Republic of Panama, for almost
thirteen years. Initially, he served in the army, known as the 'Guardia
Nacional', where he rose up the ranks with exemplary dedication and hard work.
After a military coup that overthrew the President Arnulfo Arias, this military
leader took over the reins, and began ruling the nation almost single-handedly.
Torrijos who wielded absolute power by electing his comrades like José MarÃa
Pinilla Fábrega and Demetrio Lakas as the Presidents, who were merely
puppet-heads. As the ruler of the nation, he was the first one to sign a treaty
with U.S. President Jimmy Carter, demanding the return of control of the Canal
Zone near Panama. He was also particularly empathetic towards the poor farmers,
and introduced several agricultural and educational reforms for the
Spanish-speaking ethnic groups. He made schools, and opened up a world of
opportunities for the less fortunate. This made him quite a popular leader,
amongst the lower social classes, despite his military regime, where he drafted
a new restrictive constitution, and controlled the legislature as well as the
press. The following biography provides an insight to the life and works of
this military ruler
Childhood & Early Life
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· Omar EfraÃn
Torrijos Herrera was born to José Maria, a teacher, and his wife, on February
13, 1929, in the city of Santiago de Veraguas, Republic of Panama, and had ten
siblings.
· On completion
of his secondary education from the 'Juan Demóstenes Arosemena School' in
Santiago, he joined the military academy of San Salvador, after earning a
scholarship.
Career
§ In 1952, he was
employed as a second lieutenant by the army of Panama, known as the 'Guardia
Nacional' ('National Guard'). Four years later, he became a captain, and
by the beginning of the next decade, he was serving as a major in the army.
§ Omar underwent
military training in 1965, from 'US Army School of the Americas', now known as
'Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation' ('WHINSEC'), in
Georgia. The following year he was made the Executive Secretary of 'Guardia Nacional',
eventually got promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel.
§ In 1968,
Torrijos was sent to El Salvador to serve in the embassy as a military attaché,
after he allegedly got involved in rigging of elections. The same year, his
comrades Coronel Jose Humberto Ramos and Major Boris MartÃnez planned a coup
d'etat against President Arnulfo Arias. Arias had been elected as President for
only eleven days.
§ After the coup
saw the successful ousting of Arias, Omar and his colleague Demetrio Lakas
decided to replace the exiled President with his deputy Raul Arango. Eventually
José MarÃa Pinilla Fábrega was made the provisional President of Panama, though
it was Torrijos and MartÃnez who dictated the newly established junta.
§ Soon, Omar was
appointed as the commandment of 'Guardia Nacional', and in this capacity he
took control of the press, including famous newspaper 'La Estrella de Panama',
the legislature, and all political parties, thus establishing a rigid military
rule.
§ Once, the
military leader consolidated his new-found power, he sent his friends MartÃnez
and Jose H. Ramos into exile in 1969. The same year, Demetrio Lakas was made
the puppet head-of-state, with the dictator holding all actual powers.
§ The dictator
announced elections in 1972, which was strictly monitored and only one
opposition leader was allowed to contest. The 'Assembly of Community
Representatives', approved the introduction of a new constitution, and voted
for Lakas to be the President of Panama.
§ During his
regime, Omar aimed at taking control of the region around the Panama Canal, and
for this he initiated the 'Torrijos–Carter Treaties', along with U.S. President
Jimmy Carter, on September 7, 1977.
§ In 1978, he
made his supporter Aristides Royo the new President, while he publicly
announced his retirement. However, he still pulled the reigns, and made his
rule slightly more flexible, granting a few civil liberties.
§ The following
year, in 1979, Torrijos founded the 'Partido Revolucionario Democrático' ('PRD'
or 'Democratic Revolutionary Party'). The political party vaguely followed
socialist ideals, and was an amalgamation of leftist as well as rightist
principles.
§ During his
rule, he also made a few changes to the constitution drafted earlier,
announcing 1984 as the probable date for the next elections. Apart from that he
introduced new plans of action that would benefit the poor peasants and ethnic
tribes.
§ He created
employment opportunities, and established several schools to impart affordable
education to the underprivileged. He gave land rights to farmers, and curbed
the power of landowners, so that peasants were never repressed. These reforms
made him popular with the mass, even though he was a staunch dictator.
Major Works
§ A dictator who
thought about the well-being of his citizens, Omar is famous for having
initiated talks with U.S. President Jimmy Carter, about transfer of control of
the Canal Zone from U.S. authorities to the Panamanian government. It is
because of this negotiation, known as the 'Torrijos–Carter Treaties’ that the
control was handed over completely to Panama by the beginning of 2000.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ In 1954, the
military dictator got married to Raquel Pauzner, and the couple had three
children. He also had a son, Martin, from an illegitimate affair, who later
went on to become the President of Panama.
§ At the age of
52, on July 31, 1981, Omar died in a plane crash close to Penonomé, in Panama.
According to reports, the 'DeHavilland Twin Otter' ('DHC-6') aeroplane had lost
its way during a storm, but the incident was announced only a day later. After
a few more days, the body and the crashed aircraft was found by a 'Special
Forces' team.
§ Though a
seemingly natural accident, there have been speculations that the plane had
been tampered with either by CIA official of U.S.A. or by future dictator
Manuel Noriega, as an assassination attempt.
§ After Torrijo's
death, a nation-wide funeral service was held, and the body was temporarily
interred at a churchyard in the city of Casco Viejo. Later the famous
dictator’s body was transferred to a sepulchre in the Panama Canal Zone.
§ The site of the
plane crash has been converted to a national park, whereas one of his
residences at Coclesito has been turned into a museum.
Trivia
§ Though this
military leader was never declared President, he was often hailed as the
“Supreme Chief of Government” and “Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution”
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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