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Bessie Coleman
Bessie Coleman was an American civil
aviator who became the first female African-American pilot with a flight
license. Growing up in poverty in a racist environment in Texas, she was
interested in getting an education and often taught her siblings. She funded
her own higher studies by working as a laundress with her mother and working in
the cotton field. She was inspired by stories of World War I and decided to
become a pilot herself. At a time, when both racism and gender inequality were
major issues in the US, she was forced to travel to Europe to earn her pilot's
license. Faced with limited career opportunities as a civil aviator, she worked
as a barnstormer, performing stunts to raise money to establish an aviation school
for black people. She could not achieve that dream as a tragic plane crash took
her life. However, her story keeps inspiring young African-Americans and people
all over the world who nurture hard-to-achieve dreams. A number of roads,
schools, libraries and aviation clubs have been named after her to honor her
accomplishments.
Childhood
& Early Life
· Bessie Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, in Atlanta, Texas, to
George and Susan Coleman, who worked as sharecroppers. Her father was of Native
American and African-American descent, while her mother was African-American.
· The family moved to Waxahachie, Texas, when she was only two years old.
At the age of six, she attended a far-away, one-room school in Waxahachie,
walking four miles daily. Coleman was brilliant in mathematics, and
successfully completed eight grades in that school.
· In 1901, her father proposed to move back to Native Indian territory in
Oklahoma to escape racial discrimination in Texas, but her mother decided to
stay behind. To support the family, her mother started working as a cotton
picker and a laundress. Bessie’s two brothers started working as day laborers,
while she took care of her two younger sisters.
· When she was 12, she received a scholarship from Missionary Baptist
Church School in Texas. She funded her studies in the Oklahoma Colored
Agricultural and Normal University (now Langston University) by working as a
laundress. However, she only had enough money for one semester, following which
she returned home.
Career
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§ After returning to Waxahachie, Bessie Coleman continued to work as a
laundress until 1915, after which she moved to Chicago to live with her older
brother Walter. She found a job as a manicurist at the White Sox Barber Shop,
and soon moved to her own place.
§ While working as a manicurist, she heard stories about World War I from
pilots returning from war. Coleman, who aspired to "amount to
something" since she was kid, decided that she would become a pilot.
However, she soon learnt that there were no flight schools in the United States
that would admit a black woman.
§ She had developed a friendship with Robert S. Abbott, founder and
publisher of the 'Chicago Defender'. He informed her that French were world
leaders in aviation and would admit people from any race. She took up another
job at a chili parlor to raise funds and also learnt French at the Berlitz
school in Chicago.
§ On November 20, 1920, she left for Paris, funded by Abbott and Jesse
Binga, a realtor and a banker. She learned to fly in a Nieuport 82 biplane and
obtained her 'Fédération Aéronautique Internationale' license on June 15, 1921,
from Caudron Brothers' School of Aviation in Le Crotoy.
§ After training in Europe for couple more months, she returned to the US
in September 1921. She immediately gained the attention of newspapers, all
eager to tell her extraordinary story. However, she also realized that to earn
a living as a pilot, she has to become a barnstormer.
§ To strengthen her skills as a competitive exhibition flier, she
travelled back to Europe in February 1922. She pursued an advanced course in
aviation in France, and visited Netherlands and Germany for additional
training.
§ Returning back to New York in August 1922, she began her career in
exhibition flying. To gain publicity and exposure, she started to appear more
at public events and gave dramatized speeches on her adventures.
§ On September 3, 1922, she appeared for the first time in an American
air-show. The event, held at Curtiss Field and sponsored by her friend Abbott,
was in honor of the all-black 369th Infantry Regiment of World War I. She
performed alongside eight other top American pilots.
§ In December 1922, she was offered a role in a feature film titled
'Shadow and Sunshine'. She hoped the role with give her further exposure, but
the stereotypical portrayal of her race in the film disgusted her so much that
she walked out of the project.
§ She soon announced her goal to establish a flight school to teach
aviation to people of all race, especially blacks. She managed to earn money to
buy her own plane by air-dropping advertising leaflets for a tire company.
§ She never backed off from dangerous stunts and performed difficult
maneuvers like figure eights, loops, and near-ground dips. She met with an
accident on February 22, 1923, which destroyed her new Jenny aircraft and
injured her badly. Bessie was hospitalized for three months.
§ It took her another eighteen months to recover and secure new sponsors
for exhibitions. She opened a beauty shop in Orlando, Florida, to raise
additional money. She eventually managed to buy another Curtiss JN-4, but did
not have enough time to establish the aviation school.
Major Works
§ Bessie Coleman considered it a responsibility to inspire
African-American to become pilots and attended a number of events to tell her
story to raise interest about aviation in black people. She spent a lot of time
speaking at schools, theaters, and churches around the country, displaying
clips of her aerial stunts.
Awards & Achievements
§ Bessie Coleman became the first African-American woman, as well as the
first person of Native American descent to get a pilot's license. Performing
daredevil stunts, she won the hearts of the audience and earned the nickname,
"Queen Bess".
Personal Life & Legacy
§ On December 30, 1916, Bessie Coleman reportedly got married to Claude
Glenn, who was a friend of her bother and was 14 years older than her. However,
they soon separated, and she and her family never publicly acknowledged the
relationship.
§ She died on April 30, 1926, in a plane crash while testing out her new
Jenny aircraft during preparation for an exhibition for May Day celebrations.
Coleman, who was in the second seat looking over the cockpit to prepare for the
next day's show, was thrown out of the plane after pilot William D. Wills lost
control of it.
§ In 1995, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp to honor her
memory. In 2006, she was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.
Trivia
§ Bessie Coleman's school closed yearly during the harvest season so that
the kids could help their family in the fields. However, she was more
interested in maintaining accounts of their daily work than cotton-picking.
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