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Naturalist Charles
Darwin
The evolution
of homo sapiens from apes, a form of animal, is a concept that is widely
recognized today but back in the 19th century when Charles Darwin first
introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution, he was rebuked while his work
was admonished. His never-heard-of concept faced the glaring eyes of the world
and the Church and remained unaccepted until long after, when it was deemed to
be the new orthodoxy. The DNA studies proclaimed his evidence to be true and
rebuffed the religious view that prevailed until then that all of nature was
born of God. Born in an affluent family of Shrewsbury, Charles Robert Darwin
planned to follow a medical career but soon gave up the same to pursue his
burning passion for being a naturalist. With years of dedicated study, he
established the concept that all species descended from common ancestors and
that the branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process which he termed
natural selection. It was his five years voyage on the HMS Beagle that
transformed his life completely, establishing him as an eminent geologist. It
was in 1858 that he came up with his most recognized work ‘On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection’. To know in details about the life and works of
this influential figure of human history, browse through the following
lines.
Childhood & Early Life
· Charles Robert
Darwin was fifth of six children born to Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin. His
father was a doctor and financier by profession.
· Since he was
born in an affluent family, it gave him an access to explore nature, which he
grew a fantasy for. He attained his basic education from Anglican Shrewsbury
School, before attending the University Of Edinburgh Medical School.
· Uninspired by
the teaching methods and interested in the subjects taught, he took to learning
taxidermy from John Edmonstone. he registered himself at the Plinian Society, a
student natural history group. He first presented his discovery on March 27,
1827 at the Plinian where he argued that the black spores found in oyster
shells were in actuality the eggs of a skate leech.
· He further
studied classification of plants and assisted with work on the collections of
the University Museum. Meanwhile, his lack of interest in medical studies led
his father to enrol him at the Christ’s College to attain a BA degree.
· He despised
mainstream education and showed profound interest in botany. He became close to
John Stevens Henslow, who in turn became his mentor. It was during this time
that he capitalized on the opportunity to meet other naturalists as well.
· He graduated
with a distinction in 1831. Thereafter, he devoted his time in reading books of
natural history including Paley's Natural Theology, Alexander von Humboldt's
Personal Narrative and John Herschel's book. Inspired by the books, he resolved
to study natural history in the tropics.
Career
§ In August 1831,
he received as offer from Henslow to join him as naturalist for a self-funded
supernumerary place on HMS Beagle. Darwin was eager to go on the journey as he
knew it would change his life forever.
§ Captained by
Robert FitzRoy, the ship embarked on a two year journey (as planned) around the
world. Though his father initially resented at the idea, Darwin was later given
the green signal. The voyage which lasted for five years proved to be a
lifetime opportunity for him.
§ The journey
commenced on December 27, 1831. While the Beagle surveyed the coasts, he spent
time on land investigating geology and making natural history collection.
§ Over the course
of the journey, he collected various specimens of birds, plants and fossils,
which he attached to the copy of his journal and sent across to Cambridge. The
unique opportunity gave him an experience to observe closely, principles of
botany, geology and zoology.
§ He suffered
from seasickness but did not let this come in way of his research. While his
expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates
assisted him, as for other sectors, he collected specimens for expert
evaluation.
§ As Beagle
traversed through the coasts of South America, he theorized about the geology
of the place and extinction of giant mammals. The Pacific Islands and Galapagos
Archipelago were of particular interest to Darwin, as was South America.
§ The trip had a
lasting impression on the mind of this budding naturalist who began to develop
a revolutionary theory about the origin of living beings that was contrary to
the popular belief of other naturalists at the time.
§ Returning to
England in 1936, he began to pen down his findings in a book, Journal and
Remarks, which was later published as part of Captain FitzRoy’s larger book
titled ‘Narrative’.
§ The book gave
the world several new beliefs and ideas. While the Galapagos birds were twelve
separate species of finches, the armour fragments that he collected were
actually from Glyptodon, a huge armadillo-like creature which was extinct.
§ In no time, he
joined the scientific elite and was elected to the Council of the Geological
Society. While formerly he was working on the possibility of one species
changing into the other, next he started to work on the variation in
offsprings.
§ While reworking
on the study of transmutation, he edited his work of the journal and published
it as a multi-volume ‘Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle’. However, the stress
of work took a toll on his wellbeing as he suffered from health concerns and
was advised to put off his work.
§ In 1838, he
took up the post of Secretary of the Geological Society. He made remarkable
progress in transmutation, not letting go of any opportunity to bombard the
expert naturalist and field workers with questions
§ His health
gradually worsened and incapacitated him, which led to his moving to Scotland
for a brief duration of time. Upon returning to London, he continued with his
research.
§ On January 24,
1839, he was appointed as Fellow of the Royal Society. By now, he had formed a
theory of natural selection. In May 1839, FitzRoy’s Narrative was finally
published and with that Darwin’s work, ‘Journal and Remarks’ too saw the light
of the day. Such was the success that a third voilume of ‘Journal and Remarks’
was published on its own.
§ In his book, he
raised important question following his exposure to varied specimens. He
questioned expert naturalists about their beliefs of how species came into
being. While some believed that they existed at the commencement of the world,
others stated that they evolved over a course of natural history. However, each
of them believed that species remained same all throughout.
§ Darwin
contradicted the theory of naturalists by claiming that there were similarities
among species all over the globe, variations being due to their varied
locations.
§ He formed an
opinion that species evolved through common ancestors. He claimed that species
survived through a process called ‘natural selection’. Those who survived had
adapted to the changing requirements whilst the rest failed to evolve and
reproduce and thus, died off
§ In 1858, after
two decades of scientific investigation, he introduced his revolutionary theory
of evolution. The same was published as ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection’ on November 24, 1859. The book was controversial as it claimed
that homo sapiens were simply another form of animals.
Major Works
§ Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution changed the way the world look at the creation of life. Until
then, the dominant thinking was that all species either came into being at the
start of the world, or were created over the course of natural history. In both
the cases, it was believed that the species remained much the same throughout
the time. Darwin, however, noticed similarities among species all over the
globe, as well as variations based on specific locations. This led him to
conclude that they had gradually evolved from common ancestors. He came to
believe that species survived through a process called “natural selection,”
where species that successfully adapted to meet the changing requirements of
their natural habitat survived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce
died off.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ He tied the
nuptial knot with Emma Darwin in the year 1838. The couple was blessed with ten
children out of whom two died in infancy. Annie died at the age of ten.
However, his other children went on to have distinguished careers in their
life.
§ He was faced
with frail health all through his life, which caused him periods of incapacity.
In 1882, he was diagnosed with angina pectoris, which caused coronary
thrombosis and disease of the heart.
§ He died on
April 19, 1882 due to angina attacks and heart failure. Though he was to be
buried at St Mary's churchyard at Downe, public and parliamentary petitioning
led to him being buried at Westminster Abbey, near John Herschel and Isaac
Newton.
Trivia
§ He was the
first to establish the concept that all species descended from common ancestors
and that the branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process which he
termed natural selection.
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